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Masked Language Models (MLM) are self-supervised neural networks trained to fill in the blanks in a given sentence with masked tokens. Despite the tremendous success of MLMs for various text based tasks, they are not robust for spoken…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Mahdi Namazifar , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani Tür

Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to memorizing training data, raising concerns about the potential extraction of sensitive information at generation time. Discoverable extraction is the most common method for measuring this…

This article introduces semantically meaningful causal language modeling (SMCLM), a selfsupervised method of training autoregressive models to generate semantically equivalent text. Our approach involves using semantically meaningful text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Michał Perełkiewicz , Sławomir Dadas , Rafał Poświata

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a predominant technique to align language models (LMs) with human preferences or promote outputs which are deemed to be desirable by a given reward function. Standard RL approaches optimize average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Stephen Zhao , Aidan Li , Rob Brekelmans , Roger Grosse

Constructing dataset for fashion style recognition is challenging due to the inherent subjectivity and ambiguity of style concepts. Recent advances in text-to-image models have facilitated generative data augmentation by synthesizing images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuki Hirakawa , Ryotaro Shimizu

With approximately 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, current large language models (LLMs) support only a small subset. Prior research indicates LLMs can learn new languages for certain tasks without supervised data. We extend this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zhaolin Li , Jan Niehues

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 and Claude 3.5, underscores the need to distinguish LLM-generated text from human-written content to mitigate the spread of misinformation and misuse in education. One…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-11 Xingchi Li , Xiaochi Liu , Guanxun Li

Developing prompt-based methods with Large Language Models (LLMs) requires making numerous decisions, which give rise to a combinatorial search problem over hyper-parameters. This exhaustive evaluation can be time-consuming and costly. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Jin Peng Zhou , Christian K. Belardi , Ruihan Wu , Travis Zhang , Carla P. Gomes , Wen Sun , Kilian Q. Weinberger

Pretrained multilingual encoder models can directly perform zero-shot multilingual tasks or linguistic probing by reformulating the input examples into cloze-style prompts. This is accomplished by predicting the probabilities of the label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Ercong Nie , Helmut Schmid , Hinrich Schütze

Learning from Label Proportions (LLP) is a weakly supervised learning method that aims to perform instance classification from training data consisting of pairs of bags containing multiple instances and the class label proportions within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Ryoma Kobayashi , Yusuke Mukuta , Tatsuya Harada

One of the key problems in multi-label text classification is how to take advantage of the correlation among labels. However, it is very challenging to directly model the correlations among labels in a complex and unknown label space. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Rui Song , Xingbing Chen , Zelong Liu , Haining An , Zhiqi Zhang , Xiaoguang Wang , Hao Xu

In this study, we introduce a new approach for learning language models by training them to estimate word-context pointwise mutual information (PMI), and then deriving the desired conditional probabilities from PMI at test time.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Oren Melamud , Ido Dagan , Jacob Goldberger

I propose a relatively simple way to deploy pre-trained large language models (LLMs) in order to extract sentiment and other useful features from text data. The method, which I refer to as prompt-based sentiment extraction, offers multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fabian Slonimczyk

We consider phrase based Language Models (LM), which generalize the commonly used word level models. Similar concept on phrase based LMs appears in speech recognition, which is rather specialized and thus less suitable for machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-01-20 Jia Xu , Geliang Chen

The ability to rigorously estimate the failure rates of large language models (LLMs) is a prerequisite for their safe deployment. Currently, however, practitioners often face a tradeoff between expensive human gold standards and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Minghe Shen , Ananth Balashankar , Adam Fisch , David Madras , Miguel Rodrigues

Multi-label classification is prevalent in real-world settings, but the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) in this setting is understudied. We investigate how autoregressive LLMs perform multi-label classification, focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Marcus Ma , Georgios Chochlakis , Niyantha Maruthu Pandiyan , Jesse Thomason , Shrikanth Narayanan

A plethora of protein language models have been released in recent years. Yet comparatively little work has addressed how to best sample from them to optimize desired biological properties. We fill this gap by proposing a flexible,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Calvin McCarter , Nick Bhattacharya , Sebastian W. Ober , Hunter Elliott

Large language models (LLMs) have become proficient at solving a wide variety of tasks, including those involving multi-modal inputs. In particular, instantiating an LLM (such as LLaMA) with a speech encoder and training it on paired data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Desh Raj , Gil Keren , Junteng Jia , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli

Pseudo log-likelihood is a type of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method used in various fields including contextual bandits, influence maximization of social networks, and causal bandits. However, in previous literature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Shi Feng , Nuoya Xiong , Zhijie Zhang , Wei Chen

The pre-training of masked language models (MLMs) consumes massive computation to achieve good results on downstream NLP tasks, resulting in a large carbon footprint. In the vanilla MLM, the virtual tokens, [MASK]s, act as placeholders and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Baohao Liao , David Thulke , Sanjika Hewavitharana , Hermann Ney , Christof Monz