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Image Coding for Machines (ICM) focuses on optimizing image compression for AI-driven analysis rather than human perception. Existing ICM frameworks often rely on separate codecs for specific tasks, leading to significant storage…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-30 Yichi Zhang , Zhihao Duan , Yuning Huang , Fengqing Zhu

The VVC codec is applied to the task of multispectral image (MSI) compression using adaptive and scalable coding structures. In a 'plain' VVC approach, concepts from picture-to-picture temporal prediction are employed for decorrelation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-11 Philipp Seltsam , Priyanka Das , Mathias Wien

Image coding for machines (ICM) aims at reducing the bitrate required to represent an image while minimizing the drop in machine vision analysis accuracy. In many use cases, such as surveillance, it is also important that the visual quality…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-22 Nam Le , Honglei Zhang , Francesco Cricri , Ramin G. Youvalari , Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli , Emre Aksu , Miska M. Hannuksela , Esa Rahtu

There has been a growing trend in compressing and transmitting videos from terminals for machine vision tasks. Nevertheless, most video coding optimization method focus on minimizing distortion according to human perceptual metrics,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fei Zhao , Mengxi Guo , Shijie Zhao , Junlin Li , Li Zhang , Xiaodong Xie

Existing video coding for machines is often trained for a specific downstream task and model. As a result, the compressed representation becomes tightly coupled to the end task, making it difficult to scale across multiple tasks or adapt to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Wei Jiang , Wei Wang

Recent years have seen a tremendous growth in both the capability and popularity of automatic machine analysis of images and video. As a result, a growing need for efficient compression methods optimized for machine vision, rather than…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-05 Alon Harell , Yalda Foroutan , Nilesh Ahuja , Parual Datta , Bhavya Kanzariya , V. Srinivasa Somayazulu , Omesh Tickoo , Anderson de Andrade , Ivan V. Bajic

Image compression technology eliminates redundant information to enable efficient transmission and storage of images, serving both machine vision and human visual perception. For years, image coding focused on human perception has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Takahiro Shindo , Yui Tatsumi , Taiju Watanabe , Hiroshi Watanabe

As video transmission increasingly serves machine vision systems (MVS) instead of human vision systems (HVS), video coding for machines (VCM) has become a critical research topic. Existing VCM methods often bind codecs to specific…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Yuxiao Sun , Meiqin Liu , Chao Yao , Qi Tang , Jian Jin , Weisi Lin , Frederic Dufaux , Yao Zhao

Human-machine collaborative compression has been receiving increasing research efforts for reducing image/video data, serving as the basis for both human perception and machine intelligence. Existing collaborative methods are dominantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zifu Zhang , Shengxi Li , Xiancheng Sun , Mai Xu , Zhengyuan Liu , Jingyuan Xia

As an increasing amount of image and video content will be analyzed by machines, there is demand for a new codec paradigm that is capable of compressing visual input primarily for the purpose of computer vision inference, while secondarily…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-12 Ezgi Ozyilkan , Mateen Ulhaq , Hyomin Choi , Fabien Racape

Nowadays, more and more video transmissions primarily aim at downstream machine vision tasks rather than humans. While widely deployed Human Visual System (HVS) oriented video coding standards like H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC are efficient,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Yuxiao Sun , Yao Zhao , Meiqin Liu , Chao Yao , Huihui Bai , Chunyu Lin , Weisi Lin

An increasing share of image and video content is analyzed by machines rather than viewed by humans, and therefore it becomes relevant to optimize codecs for such applications where the analysis is performed remotely. Unfortunately,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-13 Lahiru D. Chamain , Fabien Racapé , Jean Bégaint , Akshay Pushparaja , Simon Feltman

An increasing share of captured images and videos are transmitted for storage and remote analysis by computer vision algorithms, rather than to be viewed by humans. Contrary to traditional standard codecs with engineered tools, neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Lahiru D. Chamain , Fabien Racapé , Jean Bégaint , Akshay Pushparaja , Simon Feltman

In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in transmission of images to remote servers specifically for the purpose of computer vision. In many applications, such as surveillance, images are mostly transmitted for automated analysis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Alon Harell , Anderson De Andrade , Ivan V. Bajic

Image Coding for Machines (ICM) is an image compression technique for image recognition. This technique is essential due to the growing demand for image recognition AI. In this paper, we propose a method for ICM that focuses on encoding and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Takahiro Shindo , Kein Yamada , Taiju Watanabe , Hiroshi Watanabe

Video and image coding for machines (VCM) is an emerging field that aims to develop compression methods resulting in optimal bitstreams when the decoded frames are analyzed by a neural network. Several approaches already exist improving…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-16 Kristian Fischer , Christian Forsch , Christian Herglotz , André Kaup

Recent advances in learned image codecs have been extended from human perception toward machine perception. However, progressive image compression with fine granular scalability (FGS)-which enables decoding a single bitstream at multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jungwoo Kim , Jun-Hyuk Kim , Jong-Seok Lee

Compressive imaging is an emerging application of compressed sensing, devoted to acquisition, encoding and reconstruction of images using random projections as measurements. In this paper we propose a novel method to provide a scalable…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-07 Diego Valsesia , Enrico Magli

We present methods for conditional and residual coding in the context of scalable coding for humans and machines. Our focus is on optimizing the rate-distortion performance of the reconstruction task using the information available in the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-06 Anderson de Andrade , Alon Harell , Yalda Foroutan , Ivan V. Bajić

Recently, more and more images are compressed and sent to the back-end devices for the machine analysis tasks~(\textit{e.g.,} object detection) instead of being purely watched by humans. However, most traditional or learned image codecs are…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-14 Guo Lu , Xingtong Ge , Tianxiong Zhong , Jing Geng , Qiang Hu