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Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) are safety-critical, where failures can be severe. While Metamorphic Testing (MT) is effective for fault detection in ADS, existing methods rely heavily on manual effort and lack automation. We present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Linfeng Liang , Chenkai Tan , Yao Deng , Yingfeng Cai , T. Y Chen , Xi Zheng

The widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about subtle social biases embedded in their outputs. Existing guardrails often fail when faced with indirect or contextually complex bias-inducing prompts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sina Salimian , Gias Uddin , Sumon Biswas , Henry Leung

We introduce an exploratory study on Mutation Validation (MV), a model validation method using mutated training labels for supervised learning. MV mutates training data labels, retrains the model against the mutated data, then uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Jie M. Zhang , Mark Harman , Benjamin Guedj , Earl T. Barr , John Shawe-Taylor

A test oracle serves as a criterion or mechanism to assess the correspondence between software output and the anticipated behavior for a given input set. In automated testing, black-box techniques, known for their non-intrusive nature in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Boxi Yu , Qiuyang Mang , Qingshuo Guo , Pinjia He

Industrial robotic systems (IRS) are increasingly deployed in diverse environments, where failures can result in severe accidents and costly downtime. Ensuring the reliability of the software controlling these systems is therefore critical.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Marcela Gonçalves dos Santos , Sylvain Hallé , Fábio Petrillo

Logs of real-life processes often feature uncertainty pertaining the recorded timestamps, data values, and/or events. We consider the problem of checking conformance of uncertain logs against data-aware reference processes. Specifically, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Paolo Felli , Alessandro Gianola , Marco Montali , Andrey Rivkin , Sarah Winkler

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on logical reasoning benchmarks, yet their reliability remains uncertain. Existing evaluations rely on static benchmarks, which fail to assess robustness under logically equivalent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zenghui Zhou , Man Li , Xiaoke Fang , Xinyi Zhou , Weibin Li , Zheng Zheng

Testing Deep Learning (DL) systems is a complex task as they do not behave like traditional systems would, notably because of their stochastic nature. Nonetheless, being able to adapt existing testing techniques such as Mutation Testing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Florian Tambon , Vahid Majdinasab , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antonio

Compiler optimization techniques are inherently complex, and rigorous testing of compiler optimization implementation is critical. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of testing approaches for uncovering incorrect optimization bugs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jingwen Wu , Jiajing Zheng , Zhenyu Yang , Zhongxing Yu

Deepfakes utilise Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to create synthetic media where the likeness of one person is replaced with another. There are growing concerns that deepfakes can be maliciously used to create misleading and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Nyee Thoang Lim , Meng Yi Kuan , Muxin Pu , Mei Kuan Lim , Chun Yong Chong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in various applications, raising critical concerns about fairness and potential biases in their outputs. This paper explores the prioritization of metamorphic relations (MRs) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Suavis Giramata , Madhusudan Srinivasan , Venkat Naidu Gudivada , Upulee Kanewala

While a recent study reveals that many developer-written test cases can encode a reusable Metamorphic Relation (MR), over 70% of them directly hard-code the source input and follow-up input in the encoded relation. Such encoded MRs, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Congying Xu , Songqiang Chen , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung , Valerio Terragni , Hengcheng Zhu , Jialun Cao

Code documentation can, if written precisely, help developers better understand the code they accompany. However, unlike code, code documentation cannot be automatically verified via execution, potentially leading to inconsistencies between…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Hyeonseok Lee , Gabin An , Shin Yoo

Structural proof theory is praised for being a symbolic approach to reasoning and proofs, in which one can define schemas for reasoning steps and manipulate proofs as a mathematical structure. For this to be possible, proof systems must be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Giselle Reis

Machine learning contrasts with traditional software development in that the oracle is the data, and the data is not always a correct representation of the problem that machine learning tries to model. We present a survey of the oracle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Diogo Seca

Behavioral testing in NLP allows fine-grained evaluation of systems by examining their linguistic capabilities through the analysis of input-output behavior. Unfortunately, existing work on behavioral testing in Machine Translation (MT) is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Javier Ferrando , Matthias Sperber , Hendra Setiawan , Dominic Telaar , Saša Hasan

It is crucial that smart contracts are tested thoroughly due to their immutable nature. Even small bugs in smart contracts can lead to huge monetary losses. However, testing is not enough; it is also important to ensure the quality and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Pieter Hartel , Richard Schumi

Machine Translation (MT) plays a pivotal role in cross-lingual information access, public policy communication, and equitable knowledge dissemination. However, critical meaning errors, such as factual distortions, intent reversals, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Muskaan Chopra , Lorenz Sparrenberg , Rafet Sifa

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise applications, yet their reliability remains limited by hallucinations, i.e., confident but factually incorrect information. Existing detection approaches, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Channdeth Sok , David Luz , Yacine Haddam

Large language models and deep learning models designed for code intelligence have revolutionized the software engineering field due to their ability to perform various code-related tasks. These models can process source code and software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ali Asgari , Milan de Koning , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Annibale Panichella