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Koopman representations aim to learn features of nonlinear dynamical systems (NLDS) which lead to linear dynamics in the latent space. Theoretically, such features can be used to simplify many problems in modeling and control of NLDS. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Mahan Fathi , Clement Gehring , Jonathan Pilault , David Kanaa , Pierre-Luc Bacon , Ross Goroshin

The Koopman representation is an infinite dimensional linear representation of linear or nonlinear dynamical systems. It represents the dynamics of output maps (aka observables), which are functions on the state space whose evaluation is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-18 Bassam Bamieh

Koopman operators and transfer operators represent nonlinear dynamics in state space through its induced action on linear spaces of observables and measures, respectively. This framework enables the use of linear operator theory for…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Claire Valva , Dimitrios Giannakis

Koopman operators provide a linear framework for data-driven analyses of nonlinear dynamical systems, but their infinite-dimensional nature presents major computational challenges. In this article, we offer an introductory guide to Koopman…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Matthew J. Colbrook , Zlatko Drmač , Andrew Horning

Analyzing the inner mechanisms of deep neural networks is a fundamental task in machine learning. Existing work provides limited analysis or it depends on local theories, such as fixed-point analysis. In contrast, we propose to analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Ilan Naiman , Omri Azencot

Credit assignment problem of neural networks refers to evaluating the credit of each network component to the final outputs. For an untrained neural network, approaches to tackling it have made great contributions to parameter update and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Zhen Liang , Changyuan Zhao , Wanwei Liu , Bai Xue , Wenjing Yang , Zhengbin Pang

The highly nonlinear dynamics of vehicles present a major challenge for the practical implementation of optimal and Model Predictive Control (MPC) approaches in path planning and following. Koopman operator theory offers a global linear…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Mohammad Abtahi , Mahdis Rabbani , Armin Abdolmohammadi , Shima Nazari

The Koopman operator theory is an increasingly popular formalism of dynamical systems theory which enables analysis and prediction of the nonlinear dynamics from measurement data. Building on the recent development of the Koopman model…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-06-08 Hassan Arbabi , Milan Korda , Igor Mezic

Koopman operator theory shows how nonlinear dynamical systems can be represented as an infinite-dimensional, linear operator acting on a Hilbert space of observables of the system. However, determining the relevant modes and eigenvalues of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Daniel J. Alford-Lago , Christopher W. Curtis , Alexander T. Ihler , Opal Issan

The design and analysis of optimal control policies for dynamical systems can be complicated by nonlinear dependence in the state variables. Koopman operators have been used to simplify the analysis of dynamical systems by mapping the flow…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-08-07 Craig Bakker , Steven Rosenthal , Kathleen E. Nowak

The mathematical properties and data-driven learning of the Koopman operator, which represents nonlinear dynamics as a linear mapping on a properly defined functional spaces, have become key problems in nonlinear system identification and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-02 Wentao Tang

Koopman operator theory yields powerful tools for modeling, analysis, and control of nonlinear dynamical systems. Prominently, linear time-invariant (LTI) Koopman representations have been proposed to enable the application of linear…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Johannes Heeg , Karl Worthmann

Koopman operator theory has served as the basis to extract dynamics for nonlinear system modeling and control across settings, including non-holonomic mobile robot control. There is a growing interest in research to derive robustness…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Lu Shi , Konstantinos Karydis

Online optimal control of quadruped robots would enable them to adapt to varying inputs and changing conditions in real time. A common way of achieving this is linear model predictive control (LMPC), where a quadratic programming (QP)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Chun-Ming Yang , Pranav A. Bhounsule

The Koopman operator lifts nonlinear dynamical systems into a functional space of observables, where the dynamics are linear. In this paper, we provide three different Koopman representations for hybrid systems. The first is specific to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Craig Bakker , Arnab Bhattacharya , Samrat Chatterjee , Casey J. Perkins , Matthew R. Oster

The dynamic complexity of robots and mechatronic systems often pertains to the hybrid nature of dynamics, where governing equations consist of heterogenous equations that are switched depending on the state of the system. Legged robots and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Harry Asada

This paper presents a novel episodic method to learn a robot's nonlinear dynamics model and an increasingly optimal control sequence for a set of tasks. The method is based on the {\em Koopman operator} approach to nonlinear dynamical…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-07 Carl Folkestad , Daniel Pastor , Joel W. Burdick

Koopman operator theory provides a powerful framework for representing nonlinear dynamics through a linear operator acting on lifted observables, enabling the use of linear control techniques for nonlinear systems. However, Koopman models…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chandan Kumar Sah , Rajpal Singh , Jishnu Keshavan

Koopman operators provide tractable means of learning linear approximations of non-linear dynamics. Many approaches have been proposed to find these operators, typically based upon approximations using an a-priori fixed class of models.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-09 Mario Sznaier

Koopman operators model nonlinear dynamics as a linear dynamic system acting on a nonlinear function as the state. This nonstandard state is often called a Koopman observable and is usually approximated numerically by a superposition of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-15 Charles A. Johnson , Shara Balakrishnan , Enoch Yeung
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