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A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Norah M. Alshahrani , M. L. Mat Kiah , B. B. Zaidan , A. H. Alamoodi , Abdu Saif

The increased adoption of smart contracts in many industries has made them an attractive target for cybercriminals, leading to millions of dollars in losses. Thus, deploying smart contracts with detected vulnerabilities (known to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Pengcheng , Peng , Yun , Qingzhao , Tao , Dawn , Prateek , Sanjeev , Zhuotao , Xusheng

Reentrancy, a notorious vulnerability in smart contracts, has led to millions of dollars in financial loss. However, current smart contract vulnerability detection tools suffer from a high false positive rate in identifying contracts with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Shuo Yang , Jiachi Chen , Mingyuan Huang , Zibin Zheng , Yuan Huang

Ethereum Smart Contracts based on Blockchain Technology (BT)enables monetary transactions among peers on a blockchain network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum smart contracts are programs that are deployed as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

In recent years, security incidents stemming from centralization defects in smart contracts have led to substantial financial losses. A centralization defect refers to any error, flaw, or fault in a smart contract's design or development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Zewei Lin , Jiachi Chen , Jiajing Wu , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng

Solidity smart contracts are programs that manage up to 2^160 users on a blockchain. Verifying a smart contract relative to all users is intractable due to state explosion. Existing solutions either restrict the number of users to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Scott Wesley , Maria Christakis , Jorge A. Navas , Richard Trefler , Valentin Wüstholz , Arie Gurfinkel

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that gained popularity for enabling the transformation of cryptocurrency among peers without mediation by a centralized third-party authority. Smart contracts expand the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Majd Soud , Gísli Hjálmtýsson , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Although almost all information about Smart Contract addresses is shared via websites, emails, or other forms of digital communication, Blockchains and distributed ledger technology are unable to establish secure bindings between websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Ulrich Gallersdörfer , Florian Matthes

The immutable nature of blockchain technology, while revolutionary, introduces significant security challenges, particularly in smart contracts. These security issues can lead to substantial financial losses. Current tools and approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Zhiyuan Wei , Jing Sun , Zijiang Zhang , Xianhao Zhang , Meng Li , Zhe Hou

Smart contracts are executable programs that enable the building of a programmable trust mechanism between multiple entities without the need of a trusted third-party. Researchers have developed several security scanners in the past couple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 William Zhang , Sebastian Banescu , Leonardo Passos , Steven Stewart , Vijay Ganesh

Despite the rapid growth of smart contracts, they are suffering numerous security vulnerabilities due to the absence of reliable development and testing. In this article, we apply the metamorphic testing technique to detect smart contract…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Jiahao Li

In recent years, we have seen a great deal of both academic and practical interest in the topic of vulnerabilities in smart contracts, particularly those developed for the Ethereum blockchain. While most of the work has focused on detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Daniel Perez , Benjamin Livshits

Smart contracts are susceptible to being exploited by attackers, especially when facing real-world vulnerabilities. To mitigate this risk, developers often rely on third-party audit services to identify potential vulnerabilities before…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Che Wang , Jiashuo Zhang , Jianbo Gao , Libin Xia , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

Smart contracts are commonly audited through static analysis to explore vulnerabilities. However, static approaches typically produce heterogeneous findings rather than reproducible, executable proof-of-concept (PoC) test cases, leading to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Longfei Chen , Ruibin Yan , Taiyu Wong , Yiyang Chen , Jialai Wang , Chao Zhang

The emerging blockchain technology supports decentralized computing paradigm shift and is a rapidly approaching phenomenon. While blockchain is thought primarily as the basis of Bitcoin, its application has grown far beyond cryptocurrencies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Reza M. Parizi , Ali Dehghantanha , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Amritraj Singh

In recent years, research in software security has concentrated on identifying vulnerabilities in smart contracts to prevent significant losses of crypto assets on blockchains. Despite early successes in this area, detecting developers'…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Youwei Huang , Sen Fang , Jianwen Li , Jiachun Tao , Bin Hu , Tao Zhang

As 6G networks evolve, inter-provider agreements become crucial for dynamic resource sharing and network slicing across multiple domains, requiring on-demand capacity provisioning while enabling trustworthy interaction among diverse…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Farhana Javed , Josep Mangues-Bafalluy

Smart contracts play a vital role in the Ethereum ecosystem. Due to the prevalence of kinds of security issues in smart contracts, the smart contract verification is urgently needed, which is the process of matching a smart contract's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Pengxiang Ma , Ningyu He , Yuhua Huang , Haoyu Wang , Xiapu Luo

In recent years, the Ethereum platform has witnessed a proliferation of smart contracts, accompanied by exponential growth in total value locked (TVL). High-TVL smart contracts often require complex numerical computations, particularly in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Jiachi Chen , Zhenzhe Shao , Shuo Yang , Yiming Shen , Yanlin Wang , Ting Chen , Zhenyu Shan , Zibin Zheng

We develop DroidCCT, a distributed test framework to evaluate the scale of a wide range of failures/bugs in cryptography for end users. DroidCCT relies on passive analysis of artifacts from the execution of cryptographic operations in the…