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The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a new era marked by the development of autonomous applications in real-world scenarios, which drives innovation in creating advanced web agents. Existing web agents typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Hongliang He , Wenlin Yao , Kaixin Ma , Wenhao Yu , Yong Dai , Hongming Zhang , Zhenzhong Lan , Dong Yu

The attainment of autonomous operations in mobile computing devices has consistently been a goal of human pursuit. With the development of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual Language Models (VLMs), this aspiration is progressively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jiayi Zhang , Chuang Zhao , Yihan Zhao , Zhaoyang Yu , Ming He , Jianping Fan

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled agents to operate in open-ended web and operating system environments. However, existing benchmarks predominantly target consumer-oriented scenarios (e.g., e-commerce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ying Mo , Yu Bai , Dapeng Sun , Yuqian Shi , Yukai Miao , Li Chen , Dan Li

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the development of intelligent LLM-based agents capable of interacting with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). These agents demonstrate strong reasoning and adaptability,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Wenjia Jiang , Yangyang Zhuang , Chenxi Song , Xu Yang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Chi Zhang

The advances made by Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the pursuit of LLM agents that can solve intricate, multi-step reasoning tasks. As with any research pursuit, benchmarking and evaluation are key corner stones to efficient and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Luca Gioacchini , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Kiril Gashteovski , David Friede , Roberto Bifulco , Carolin Lawrence

As LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed in real-life scenarios, existing benchmarks fail to capture their inherent complexity of handling extensive information, leveraging diverse resources, and managing dynamic user interactions. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Wei He , Yueqing Sun , Hongyan Hao , Xueyuan Hao , Zhikang Xia , Qi Gu , Chengcheng Han , Dengchang Zhao , Hui Su , Kefeng Zhang , Man Gao , Xi Su , Xiaodong Cai , Xunliang Cai , Yu Yang , Yunke Zhao

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown rapid progress in mobile GUI navigation. This paper presents a systematic study of data scaling, benchmarking, and reasoning for VLM-based agents in this domain. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Heng Qu , Yike Liu , Renren Jin , Wenzong Zhang , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

Current benchmarks for graphical user interface (GUI) agents predominantly rely on static screenshots. However, real-world smartphone interaction routinely requires agents to process transient audio cues and temporal video dynamics that are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Felix Henry , Xiaochen Lin , Jiangyou Zhu , Yangfan , Bingqian Zhang , Min Chen , Shiyu Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and code agents in software development are rapidly evolving from generating isolated code snippets to producing full-fledged software applications with graphical interfaces, interactive logic, and dynamic…

Rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have increased interest in deploying them on mobile devices for on-device AI applications. Mobile users interact differently with LLMs compared to desktop users, creating unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Mukul Ranjan , Aidar Myrzakhan , Jiacheng Liu , Bowei Guo , Shengkun Tang , Zhuang Liu , Yuanzhi Li , Zhiqiang Shen

Conversational agents show the promise to allow users to interact with mobile devices using language. However, to perform diverse UI tasks with natural language, developers typically need to create separate datasets and models for each…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Bryan Wang , Gang Li , Yang Li

The emergent large language/multimodal models facilitate the evolution of mobile agents, especially in mobile UI task automation. However, existing evaluation approaches, which rely on human validation or established datasets to compare…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Li Zhang , Shihe Wang , Xianqing Jia , Zhihan Zheng , Yunhe Yan , Longxi Gao , Yuanchun Li , Mengwei Xu

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation, human-AI interaction is evolving from static text responses to dynamic, interactive HTML-based applications, which we term MiniApps. These applications require…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zuhao Zhang , Chengyue Yu , Yuante Li , Chenyi Zhuang , Linjian Mo , Shuai Li

Recent advances in generative AI have led to remarkable interest in using systems that rely on large language models (LLMs) for practical applications. However, meaningful evaluation of these systems in real-world scenarios comes with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ethan M. Rudd , Christopher Andrews , Philip Tully

Reliable evaluation is essential for developing and deploying large language models, yet in practice it often requires substantial manual effort: practitioners must identify appropriate benchmarks, reproduce heterogeneous evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Chengyu Shen , Yanheng Hou , Minghui Pan , Runming He , Zhen Hao Wong , Meiyi Qiang , Zhou Liu , Hao Liang , Peichao Lai , Zeang Sheng , Wentao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have empowered intelligent agents to execute intricate tasks within domain-specific software such as browsers and games. However, when applied to general-purpose software systems like operating systems, LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Mingzhe Xing , Rongkai Zhang , Hui Xue , Qi Chen , Fan Yang , Zhen Xiao

Autonomous agents that address day-to-day digital tasks (e.g., ordering groceries for a household), must not only operate multiple apps (e.g., notes, messaging, shopping app) via APIs, but also generate rich code with complex control flow…

Visual language models (VLMs) empower mobile GUI agents to interpret complex mobile screens and respond to user requests. Training such capable agents requires large-scale, high-quality mobile GUI data. However, existing mobile GUI datasets…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Longxi Gao , Li Zhang , Shihe Wang , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Shangguang Wang , Yuanchun Li , Mengwei Xu

Smartphone GUI agents execute tasks by operating directly on app interfaces, offering a path to broad capability without deep system integration. However, real-world smartphone use is highly personalized: users adopt diverse workflows and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hongyi Nie , Xunyuan Liu , Yudong Bai , Yaqing Wang , Yang Liu , Quanming Yao , Zhen Wang

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation through LLM-powered GUI agents, yet their ability to process sensitive data with limited human oversight raises significant privacy and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Chaoran Chen , Zhiping Zhang , Ibrahim Khalilov , Bingcan Guo , Simret A Gebreegziabher , Yanfang Ye , Ziang Xiao , Yaxing Yao , Tianshi Li , Toby Jia-Jun Li