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The gas mechanism in Ethereum charges the execution of every operation to ensure that smart contracts running in EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) will be eventually terminated. Failing to properly set the gas costs of EVM operations allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Ting Chen , Xiaoqi Li , Ying Wang , Jiachi Chen , Zihao Li , Xiapu Luo , Man Ho Au , Xiaosong Zhang

In this study, the novel hybrid machine learning approach is proposed in carbon price fluctuation prediction. Specifically, a research framework integrating DILATED Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 H. Wang , Y. Pang , D. Shang

The Ethereum blockchain network enables transaction processing and smart-contract execution through levies of transaction fees, commonly known as gas fees. This framework mediates economic participation via a market-based mechanism for gas…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-01-10 Lennart Ante , Aman Saggu

This study proposes a hybrid deep learning model for forecasting the price of Bitcoin, as the digital currency is known to exhibit frequent fluctuations. The models used are the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and the Long Short-Term…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-21 Emmanuel Boadi

In this paper we apply neural networks and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to historical records of high-risk cryptocurrency coins to train a prediction model that guesses their price. This paper's code contains Jupyter notebooks, one of which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Jacques Fleischer , Gregor von Laszewski , Carlos Theran , Yohn Jairo Parra Bautista

The volatility and complex dynamics of cryptocurrency markets present unique challenges for accurate price forecasting. This research proposes a hybrid deep learning and machine learning model that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Mehul Gautam

Blockchain enables peer-to-peer transactions in cyberspace without a trusted third party. The rapid growth of Ethereum and smart contract blockchains generally calls for well-designed Transaction Fee Mechanisms (TFMs) to allocate limited…

General Economics · Economics 2023-05-05 Luyao Zhang , Fan Zhang

This work aims to analyse the predictability of price movements of cryptocurrencies on both hourly and daily data observed from January 2017 to January 2021, using deep learning algorithms. For our experiments, we used three sets of…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-02-18 Marco Ortu , Nicola Uras , Claudio Conversano , Giuseppe Destefanis , Silvia Bartolucci

The execution of smart contracts on Ethereum, a public blockchain system, incurs a fee called gas fee for its computation and data storage. When programmers develop smart contracts (e.g., in the Solidity programming language), they could…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Mengting He , Shihao Xia , Boqin Qin , Nobuko Yoshida , Tingting Yu , Yiying Zhang , Linhai Song

Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559 was recently implemented to transform Ethereum's transaction fee market. EIP-1559 utilizes an algorithmic update rule with a constant learning rate to estimate a base fee. The base fee reflects…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Daniël Reijsbergen , Shyam Sridhar , Barnabé Monnot , Stefanos Leonardos , Stratis Skoulakis , Georgios Piliouras

In recent years, Bitcoin price prediction has attracted the interest of researchers and investors. However, the accuracy of previous studies is not well enough. Machine learning and deep learning methods have been proved to have strong…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-06-25 Liping Yang

The recent development of advanced machine learning methods for hybrid models has greatly addressed the need for the correct prediction of electrical prices. This method combines AlexNet and LSTM algorithms, which are used to introduce a…

Bitcoin, as one of the most popular cryptocurrency, is recently attracting much attention of investors. Bitcoin price prediction task is consequently a rising academic topic for providing valuable insights and suggestions. Existing bitcoin…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-08-25 Xiao Li , Weili Wu

As 6G networks evolve, inter-provider agreements become crucial for dynamic resource sharing and network slicing across multiple domains, requiring on-demand capacity provisioning while enabling trustworthy interaction among diverse…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Farhana Javed , Josep Mangues-Bafalluy

Smart contracts are programs that are executed on the blockchain and can hold, manage and transfer assets in the form of cryptocurrencies. The contract's execution is then performed on-chain and is subject to consensus, i.e. every node on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Soroush Farokhnia

The cost of using a blockchain infrastructure as well as the time required to search and retrieve information from it must be considered when designing a decentralized application. In this work, we examine a comprehensive set of data…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-25 P. Kostamis , A. Sendros , P. S. Efraimidis

Natural gas is undoubtedly an essential component of the global energy system. Accurate short-term forecasting of natural gas price is challenging due to pronounced volatility driven by seasonal demand patterns, geopolitical developments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Yiqian Liu , Jiayi Niu , Adam Kelleher , Subhabrata Das

Cryptocurrencies have transformed financial markets with their innovative blockchain technology and volatile price movements, presenting both challenges and opportunities for predictive analytics. Ethereum, being one of the leading…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Eftychia Makri , Georgios Palaiokrassas , Sarah Bouraga , Antigoni Polychroniadou , Leandros Tassiulas

Reliable gas price forecasts are an essential information for gas and energy traders, for risk managers and also economists. However, ahead of the war in Ukraine Europe began to suffer from substantially increased and volatile gas prices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Stephan Schlüter , Sven Pappert , Martin Neumann

Smart contracts are full-fledged programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum, one of the most popular blockchains). In Ethereum, gas (in Ether, a cryptographic currency like Bitcoin) is the execution fee compensating the computing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Ting Chen , Xiaoqi Li , Xiapu Luo , Xiaosong Zhang