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Activation functions (AFs) play a pivotal role in the performance of neural networks. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is currently the most commonly used AF. Several replacements to ReLU have been suggested but improvements have proven…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Raz Lapid , Moshe Sipper

Real-world analog systems intrinsically suffer from noise that can impede model convergence and accuracy on a variety of deep learning models. We demonstrate that differentiable activations like GELU and SiLU enable robust propagation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Vivswan Shah , Nathan Youngblood

Activation functions have a notorious impact on neural networks on both training and testing the models against the desired problem. Currently, the most used activation function is the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). This paper introduces a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Eric Alcaide

Large Language Models (LLMs) with billions of parameters have drastically transformed AI applications. However, their demanding computation during inference has raised significant challenges for deployment on resource-constrained devices.…

The activation functions are fundamental to neural networks as they introduce non-linearity into data relationships, thereby enabling deep networks to approximate complex data relations. Existing efforts to enhance neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jiayu Li , Zilong Zhao , Kevin Yee , Uzair Javaid , Biplab Sikdar

Our work proposes a novel approach to designing activation functions by focusing on their gradients and deriving the corresponding activation functions using integration. We introduce the Expanded Integral of the Exponential Linear Unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Allen Hao Huang , Imanol Schlag

We present a novel approach to implementing all-optical Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation functions using compact doubly-resonant cavities with dimensions of approximately $10\,\mu\mathrm{m}$. Our design leverages $\chi^{(2)}$…

Optics · Physics 2025-04-29 Amirreza Ahmadnejad , Mohmmad Mehrdad Asadi , Somayyeh Koohi

In this paper, we introduce a novel type of Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), called a Dual Rectified Linear Unit (DReLU). A DReLU, which comes with an unbounded positive and negative image, can be used as a drop-in replacement for a tanh…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Fréderic Godin , Jonas Degrave , Joni Dambre , Wesley De Neve

An appropriate choice of the activation function (like ReLU, sigmoid or swish) plays an important role in the performance of (deep) multilayer perceptrons (MLP) for classification and regression learning. Prototype-based classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Thomas Villmann , John Ravichandran , Andrea Villmann , David Nebel , Marika Kaden

In contemporary large language models (LLMs), the swish-gated linear unit (SwiGLU) activation function is widely adopted to regulate the information flow and introduce non-linearity. For large positive inputs, SwiGLU approximates the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Peijie Jiang , Yuqi Feng , Cunyin Peng , Qian Zhao , Jia Liu , KunLong Chen , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

`Biologically inspired' activation functions, such as the logistic sigmoid, have been instrumental in the historical advancement of machine learning. However in the field of deep learning, they have been largely displaced by rectified…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Gardave S Bhumbra

Activation functions are essential to introduce nonlinearity into neural networks, with the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) often favored for its simplicity and effectiveness. Motivated by the structural similarity between a shallow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Jiayun Li , Yuxiao Cheng , Yiwen Lu , Zhuofan Xia , Yilin Mo , Gao Huang

In recent years, deep neural networks (DNNs) achieved unprecedented performance in many low-level vision tasks. However, state-of-the-art results are typically achieved by very deep networks, which can reach tens of layers with tens of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Idan Kligvasser , Tamar Rott Shaham , Tomer Michaeli

In past few years, linear rectified unit activation functions have shown its significance in the neural networks, surpassing the performance of sigmoid activations. RELU (Nair & Hinton, 2010), ELU (Clevert et al., 2015), PRELU (He et al.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Vijay Pandey

In this paper, we introduce "Power Linear Unit" (PoLU) which increases the nonlinearity capacity of a neural network and thus helps improving its performance. PoLU adopts several advantages of previously proposed activation functions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Yikang Li , Pak Lun Kevin Ding , Baoxin Li

In recent years, neural networks have enjoyed a renaissance as function approximators in reinforcement learning. Two decades after Tesauro's TD-Gammon achieved near top-level human performance in backgammon, the deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-03 Stefan Elfwing , Eiji Uchibe , Kenji Doya

Recent research has found that the activation function (AF) selected for adding non-linearity into the output can have a big impact on how effectively deep learning networks perform. Developing activation functions that can adapt…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Ashish Rajanand , Pradeep Singh

Activation functions play a critical role in the performance and behaviour of neural networks, significantly impacting their ability to learn and generalise. Traditional activation functions, such as ReLU, sigmoid, and tanh, have been…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Benjamin David Winter , William John Teahan

Activation functions play a pivotal role in the function learning using neural networks. The non-linearity in the learned function is achieved by repeated use of the activation function. Over the years, numerous activation functions have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

In this paper, we introduce the Hyperbolic Tangent Exponential Linear Unit (TeLU), a novel neural network activation function, represented as $f(x) = x{\cdot}tanh(e^x)$. TeLU is designed to overcome the limitations of conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Alfredo Fernandez , Ankur Mali