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While scans of the IPv4 space are ubiquitous, today little is known about scanning activity in the IPv6 Internet. In this work, we present a longitudinal and detailed empirical study on large-scale IPv6 scanning behavior in the Internet,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Philipp Richter , Oliver Gasser , Arthur Berger

In this work we identify scanning strategies of IPv6 scanners on the Internet. We offer a unique perspective on the behavior of IPv6 scanners by conducting controlled experiments leveraging a large and unused /56 IPv6 subnet. We selectively…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Hammas Bin Tanveer , Rachee Singh , Paul Pearce , Rishab Nithyanand

Network operators and system administrators are increasingly overwhelmed with incessant cyber-security threats ranging from malicious network reconnaissance to attacks such as distributed denial of service and data breaches. A large number…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Rafail Kartsioukas , Rajat Tandon , Zheng Gao , Jelena Mirkovic , Michalis Kallitsis , Stilian Stoev

Large-scale Internet scans are a common method to identify victims of a specific attack. Stateless scanning like in ZMap has been established as an efficient approach to probing at Internet scale. Stateless scans, however, need a second…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Raphael Hiesgen , Marcin Nawrocki , Alistair King , Alberto Dainotti , Thomas C. Schmidt , Matthias Wählisch

With the increasing concern for security in the network, many approaches are laid out that try to protect the network from unauthorised access. New methods have been adopted in order to find the potential discrepancies that may damage the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-03-28 Sheetal Bairwa , Bhawna Mewara , Jyoti Gajrani

Public networks are exposed to port scans from the Internet. Attackers search for vulnerable services they can exploit. In large scan campaigns, attackers often utilize different machines to perform distributed scans, which impedes their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Steffen Haas , Florian Wilkens , Mathias Fischer

Network scanning tools play a major role in Internet security. They are used by both network security researchers and malicious actors to identify vulnerable machines exposed on the Internet. ZMap is one of the most common probing tools for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Johan Mazel , Rémi Strullu

Network scanning has been a widely used technique to gather information on the Internet as a whole. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 causes traditional network scanning to become less useful. An increasing number of hosts is either…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Nora Bruns

Scanners are daily visitors of public IPv4 hosts. Scanning IPv6 nodes successfully is still a challenge, which an increasing crowd of actors tries to master. In this paper, we analyze current IPv6 scanning under various network conditions.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Isabell Egloff , Raphael Hiesgen , Maynard Koch , Thomas C. Schmidt , Matthias Wählisch

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have become more prominent recently, both in frequency of occurrence, as well as magnitude. Such attacks render key Internet resources unavailable and disrupt its normal operation. It is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Michael Kallitsis , Stilian Stoev , George Michailidis

In this paper we investigate the problem of designing a spectrum scanning strategy to detect an intelligent Invader who wants to utilize spectrum undetected for his/her unapproved purposes. To deal with this problem we apply…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-29 Andrey Garnaev , Wade Trappe , Chun-Ta Kung

Port scanning is the process of attempting to connect to various network ports on a computing endpoint to determine which ports are open and which services are running on them. It is a common method used by hackers to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jason M. Pittman

The study of network robustness is a critical tool in the characterization and sense making of complex interconnected systems such as infrastructure, communication and social networks. While significant research has been conducted in all of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Scott Freitas , Diyi Yang , Srijan Kumar , Hanghang Tong , Duen Horng Chau

WiFi offloading has emerged as a key component of cellular operator strategy to meet the data needs of rich, mobile devices. As such, mobile devices tend to aggressively seek out WiFi in order to provide improved user Quality of Experience…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-02-05 Xueheng Hu , Lixing Song , Dirk Van Bruggen , Aaron Striegel

Network Address Translation (NAT) plays an essential role in shielding devices inside an internal local area network from direct malicious accesses from the public Internet. However, recent studies show the possibilities of penetrating NAT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Xuan Feng , Shuo Chen , Haining Wang

Internet-wide scans are an important tool to evaluate the deployment of services. To enable large-scale application layer scans, a fast, stateless port scan (e.g., using ZMap) is often performed ahead of time to collect responsive targets.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Patrick Sattler , Johannes Zirngibl , Mattijs Jonker , Oliver Gasser , Georg Carle , Ralph Holz

Internet-wide scans are a common active measurement approach to study the Internet, e.g., studying security properties or protocol adoption. They involve probing large address ranges (IPv4 or parts of IPv6) for specific ports or protocols.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Jan Rüth , Torsten Zimmermann , Oliver Hohlfeld

Port scanning refers to the systematic exploration of networked computing systems. The goal of port scanning is to identify active services and associated information. Although this technique is often employed by malicious actors to locate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Jason M. Pittman

We introduce new tools and vantage points to develop and integrate proactive techniques to attract IPv6 scan traffic, thus enabling its analysis. By deploying the largest-ever IPv6 proactive telescope in a production ISP network, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Hammas Bin Tanveer , Wai Sun Chan , Ricky K. P. Mok , Sebastian Kappes , Philipp Richter , Oliver Gasser , John Ronan , Arthur Berger , kc Claffy

IP blacklists are widely used to increase network security by preventing communications with peers that have been marked as malicious. There are several commercial offerings as well as several free-of-charge blacklists maintained by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Luca Deri , Francesco Fusco
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