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Graph pooling compresses graphs and summarises their topological properties and features in a vectorial representation. It is an essential part of deep graph representation learning and is indispensable in graph-level tasks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jan von Pichowski , Christopher Blöcker , Ingo Scholtes

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for graph classification. One important operation for GNNs is the downsampling or pooling that can learn effective embeddings from the node representations. In this paper, we propose a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Zhehan Zhao , Lu Bai , Lixin Cui , Ming Li , Yue Wang , Lixiang Xu , Edwin R. Hancock

The process of pooling vertices involves the creation of a new vertex, which becomes adjacent to all the vertices that were originally adjacent to the endpoints of the vertices being pooled. After this, the endpoints of these vertices and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shanookha Ali , Nitha Niralda , Sunil Mathew

Graph neural networks, which generalize deep neural network models to graph structured data, have attracted increasing attention in recent years. They usually learn node representations by transforming, propagating and aggregating node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Yao Ma , Suhang Wang , Charu C. Aggarwal , Jiliang Tang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which generalize deep neural networks to graph-structured data, have drawn considerable attention and achieved state-of-the-art performance in numerous graph related tasks. However, existing GNN models mainly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Zhen Zhang , Jiajun Bu , Martin Ester , Jianfeng Zhang , Chengwei Yao , Zhi Yu , Can Wang

Hierarchical Pooling Models have demonstrated strong performance in classifying graph-structured data. While numerous innovative methods have been proposed to design cluster assignments and coarsening strategies, the relationships between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Michael Yang

Graph pooling compresses graph information into a compact representation. State-of-the-art graph pooling methods follow a hierarchical approach, which reduces the graph size step-by-step. These methods must balance memory efficiency with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Yunchong Song , Siyuan Huang , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

We introduce BN-Pool, the first clustering-based pooling method for Graph Neural Networks that adaptively determines the number of supernodes in a coarsened graph. BN-Pool leverages a generative model based on a Bayesian nonparametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Daniele Castellana , Filippo Maria Bianchi

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have led to major breakthroughs in a variety of domains such as drug discovery, social network analysis, and travel time estimation. However, they lack interpretability which hinders human trust and thereby…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Jonas Jürß , Lucie Charlotte Magister , Pietro Barbiero , Pietro Liò , Nikola Simidjievski

Graph pooling is a crucial operation for encoding hierarchical structures within graphs. Most existing graph pooling approaches formulate the problem as a node clustering task which effectively captures the graph topology. Conventional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sung Moon Ko , Sungjun Cho , Dae-Woong Jeong , Sehui Han , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee

We propose a novel approach to compute the MAXCUT in attributed graphs, i.e., graphs with features associated with nodes and edges. Our approach works well on any kind of graph topology and can find solutions that jointly optimize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Carlo Abate , Filippo Maria Bianchi

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are one of the most popular approaches to using deep learning on graph-structured data, and they have shown state-of-the-art performances on a variety of tasks. However, according to a recent study, a careful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Jihoon Ko , Taehyung Kwon , Kijung Shin , Juho Lee

Pooling operations have shown to be effective on computer vision and natural language processing tasks. One challenge of performing pooling operations on graph data is the lack of locality that is not well-defined on graphs. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Hongyang Gao , Yi Liu , Shuiwang Ji

Graph neural networks have attracted wide attentions to enable representation learning of graph data in recent works. In complement to graph convolution operators, graph pooling is crucial for extracting hierarchical representation of graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Xing Gao , Wenrui Dai , Chenglin Li , Hongkai Xiong , Pascal Frossard

Recent advances in representation learning on graphs, mainly leveraging graph convolutional networks, have brought a substantial improvement on many graph-based benchmark tasks. While novel approaches to learning node embeddings are highly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-06 Cătălina Cangea , Petar Veličković , Nikola Jovanović , Thomas Kipf , Pietro Liò

Machine learning-based analysis of medical images often faces several hurdles, such as the lack of training data, the curse of dimensionality problem, and the generalization issues. One of the main difficulties is that there exists…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Chang Min Hyun , Kang Cheol Kim , Hyun Cheol Cho , Jae Kyu Choi , Jin Keun Seo

Spatial pooling has been proven highly effective in capturing long-range contextual information for pixel-wise prediction tasks, such as scene parsing. In this paper, beyond conventional spatial pooling that usually has a regular shape of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Qibin Hou , Li Zhang , Ming-Ming Cheng , Jiashi Feng

We provide a short introduction to the field of topological data analysis and discuss its possible relevance for the study of complex systems. Topological data analysis provides a set of tools to characterise the shape of data, in terms of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-12-05 Vsevolod Salnikov , Daniele Cassese , Renaud Lambiotte

In this tutorial, we provide a didactic treatment of the emerging topic of signal processing on higher-order networks. Drawing analogies from discrete and graph signal processing, we introduce the building blocks for processing data on…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Michael T. Schaub , Yu Zhu , Jean-Baptiste Seby , T. Mitchell Roddenberry , Santiago Segarra

In this work, we evaluate the use of superpixel pooling layers in deep network architectures for semantic segmentation. Superpixel pooling is a flexible and efficient replacement for other pooling strategies that incorporates spatial prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Mathijs Schuurmans , Maxim Berman , Matthew B. Blaschko