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We consider robustness to distribution shifts in the context of diagnostic models in healthcare, where the prediction target $Y$, e.g., the presence of a disease, is causally upstream of the observations $X$, e.g., a biomarker. Distribution…

Despite achieving excellent performance on benchmarks, deep neural networks often underperform in real-world deployment due to sensitivity to minor, often imperceptible shifts in input data, known as distributional shifts. These shifts are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Birk Torpmann-Hagen , Pål Halvorsen , Michael A. Riegler , Dag Johansen

Spurious correlations in training data significantly hinder the generalization capability of machine learning models when faced with distribution shifts, leading to the proposition of numberous debiasing methods. However, it remains to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Peng Kuang , Zhibo Wang , Zhixuan Chu , Jingyi Wang , Kui Ren

Identifying covariate shift is crucial for making machine learning systems robust in the real world and for detecting training data biases that are not reflected in test data. However, detecting covariate shift is challenging, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Matthew L. Olson , Thuy-Vy Nguyen , Gaurav Dixit , Neale Ratzlaff , Weng-Keen Wong , Minsuk Kahng

A common approach to transfer learning under distribution shift is to fine-tune the last few layers of a pre-trained model, preserving learned features while also adapting to the new task. This paper shows that in such settings, selectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yoonho Lee , Annie S. Chen , Fahim Tajwar , Ananya Kumar , Huaxiu Yao , Percy Liang , Chelsea Finn

Datasets for training recommender systems are often subject to distribution shift induced by users' and recommenders' selection biases. In this paper, we study the impact of selection bias on datasets with different quantization. We then…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Fengyu Li , Sarah Dean

In recent years, machine learning has witnessed extensive adoption across various sectors, yet its application in medical image-based disease detection and diagnosis remains challenging due to distribution shifts in real-world data. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Masoumeh Javanbakhat , Md Tasnimul Hasan , Cristoph Lippert

Distribution shifts introduce uncertainty that undermines the robustness and generalization capabilities of machine learning models. While conventional wisdom suggests that learning causal-invariant representations enhances robustness to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Rebekka Burkholz , Krikamol Muandet

We investigate the prominent class of fair representation learning methods for bias mitigation. Using causal reasoning to define and formalise different sources of dataset bias, we reveal important implicit assumptions inherent to these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Charles Jones , Fabio de Sousa Ribeiro , Mélanie Roschewitz , Daniel C. Castro , Ben Glocker

There has been significant research done on developing methods for improving robustness to distributional shift and uncertainty estimation. In contrast, only limited work has examined developing standard datasets and benchmarks for…

The i.i.d. assumption is a useful idealization that underpins many successful approaches to supervised machine learning. However, its violation can lead to models that learn to exploit spurious correlations in the training data, rendering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Daniel Pace , Alessandra Russo , Murray Shanahan

Learning from weak, proxy, or relative supervision is common when ground-truth labels are unavailable, but robustness under distribution shift remains poorly understood because the supervision mechanism itself may change across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Mehrdad Shoeibi , Elias Hossain , Ivan Garibay , Niloofar Yousefi

The robustness of machine learning models can be compromised by spurious correlations between non-causal features in the input data and target labels. A common way to test for such correlations is to train on data where the label is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Akshit Achara , Yovin Yathathugoda , Nick Byrne , Michela Antonelli , Esther Puyol Anton , Alexander Hammers , Andrew P. King

Despite the rapid development and great success of machine learning models, extensive studies have exposed their disadvantage of inheriting latent discrimination and societal bias from the training data. This phenomenon hinders their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Tianxiang Zhao , Enyan Dai , Kai Shu , Suhang Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization is a complicated problem due to the idiosyncrasies of possible distribution shifts between training and test domains. Most benchmarks employ diverse datasets to address this issue; however, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Kaican Li , Yifan Zhang , Lanqing Hong , Zhenguo Li , Nevin L. Zhang

Most continual learning (CL) algorithms have focused on tackling the stability-plasticity dilemma, that is, the challenge of preventing the forgetting of previous tasks while learning new ones. However, they have overlooked the impact of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Donggyu Lee , Sangwon Jung , Taesup Moon

We study the problem of class distribution estimation under dataset shift. On the training dataset, both features and class labels are observed while on the test dataset only the features can be observed. The task then is the estimation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Dirk Tasche

With an increased focus on incorporating fairness in machine learning models, it becomes imperative not only to assess and mitigate bias at each stage of the machine learning pipeline but also to understand the downstream impacts of bias…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Pavan Ravishankar , Qingyu Mo , Edward McFowland , Daniel B. Neill

Identifying and mitigating bias in deep learning algorithms has gained significant popularity in the past few years due to its impact on the society. Researchers argue that models trained on balanced datasets with good representation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Puspita Majumdar , Surbhi Mittal , Richa Singh , Mayank Vatsa

Quantification is the supervised learning task that consists of training predictors of the class prevalence values of sets of unlabelled data, and is of special interest when the labelled data on which the predictor has been trained and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Pablo González , Alejandro Moreo , Fabrizio Sebastiani