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With the rise in mobile and voice search, answer passage retrieval acts as a critical component of an effective information retrieval system for open domain question answering. Currently, there are no comparable collections that address…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Daniel Cohen , Liu Yang , W. Bruce Croft

This report presents the design and implementation of a semi-automated data annotation pipeline developed within the DARTS project, whose goal is to create a large-scale, multimodal dataset of driving scenarios recorded in Polish…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Andrii Gamalii , Daniel Górniak , Robert Nowak , Bartłomiej Olber , Krystian Radlak , Jakub Winter

Long-form question answering (LFQA) demands nuanced evaluation of multi-sentence explanatory responses, yet existing metrics often fail to reflect human judgment. We present LFQA-HP-1M, a large-scale dataset comprising 1.3M human pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rafid Ishrak Jahan , Fahmid Shahriar Iqbal , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

This paper presents ParaQA, a question answering (QA) dataset with multiple paraphrased responses for single-turn conversation over knowledge graphs (KG). The dataset was created using a semi-automated framework for generating diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Endri Kacupaj , Barshana Banerjee , Kuldeep Singh , Jens Lehmann

We present the results of the Machine Reading for Question Answering (MRQA) 2019 shared task on evaluating the generalization capabilities of reading comprehension systems. In this task, we adapted and unified 18 distinct question answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Adam Fisch , Alon Talmor , Robin Jia , Minjoon Seo , Eunsol Choi , Danqi Chen

We present OpenStaxQA, an evaluation benchmark specific to college-level educational applications based on 43 open-source college textbooks in English, Spanish, and Polish, available under a permissive Creative Commons license. We finetune…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Pranav Gupta

We present LAReQA, a challenging new benchmark for language-agnostic answer retrieval from a multilingual candidate pool. Unlike previous cross-lingual tasks, LAReQA tests for "strong" cross-lingual alignment, requiring semantically related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Uma Roy , Noah Constant , Rami Al-Rfou , Aditya Barua , Aaron Phillips , Yinfei Yang

We introduce Mintaka, a complex, natural, and multilingual dataset designed for experimenting with end-to-end question-answering models. Mintaka is composed of 20,000 question-answer pairs collected in English, annotated with Wikidata…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Priyanka Sen , Alham Fikri Aji , Amir Saffari

In open-domain question answering, dense passage retrieval has become a new paradigm to retrieve relevant passages for finding answers. Typically, the dual-encoder architecture is adopted to learn dense representations of questions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Yingqi Qu , Yuchen Ding , Jing Liu , Kai Liu , Ruiyang Ren , Wayne Xin Zhao , Daxiang Dong , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Visual contents, such as illustrations and images, play a big role in product manual understanding. Existing Product Manual Question Answering (PMQA) datasets tend to ignore visual contents and only retain textual parts. In this work, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Liang Zhang , Anwen Hu , Jing Zhang , Shuo Hu , Qin Jin

Nowadays, one of the main challenges for Question Answering Systems is to answer complex questions using various sources of information. Multi-hop questions are a type of complex questions that require multi-step reasoning to answer. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Arash Ghafouri , Hasan Naderi , Mohammad Aghajani asl , Mahdi Firouzmandi

Machine reading comprehension has made great progress in recent years owing to large-scale annotated datasets. In the clinical domain, however, creating such datasets is quite difficult due to the domain expertise required for annotation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Xiang Yue , Bernal Jimenez Gutierrez , Huan Sun

We present a system for answering questions based on the full text of books (BookQA), which first selects book passages given a question at hand, and then uses a memory network to reason and predict an answer. To improve generalization, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Stefanos Angelidis , Lea Frermann , Diego Marcheggiani , Roi Blanco , Lluís Màrquez

Recent work in semantic parsing for question answering has focused on long and complicated questions, many of which would seem unnatural if asked in a normal conversation between two humans. In an effort to explore a conversational QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-07 Mohit Iyyer , Wen-tau Yih , Ming-Wei Chang

Question answering systems may find the answers to users' questions from either unstructured texts or structured data such as knowledge graphs. Answering questions using supervised learning approaches including deep learning models need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Romina Etezadi , Mehrnoush Shamsfard

Many pairwise classification tasks, such as paraphrase detection and open-domain question answering, naturally have extreme label imbalance (e.g., $99.99\%$ of examples are negatives). In contrast, many recent datasets heuristically choose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Stephen Mussmann , Robin Jia , Percy Liang

Answer Sentence Selection (AS2) is a critical task for designing effective retrieval-based Question Answering (QA) systems. Most advancements in AS2 focus on English due to the scarcity of annotated datasets for other languages. This lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Matteo Gabburo , Stefano Campese , Federico Agostini , Alessandro Moschitti

Existing literature on Question Answering (QA) mostly focuses on algorithmic novelty, data augmentation, or increasingly large pre-trained language models like XLNet and RoBERTa. Additionally, a lot of systems on the QA leaderboards do not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Lin Pan , Rishav Chakravarti , Anthony Ferritto , Michael Glass , Alfio Gliozzo , Salim Roukos , Radu Florian , Avirup Sil

This paper introduces MedMCQA, a new large-scale, Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA) dataset designed to address real-world medical entrance exam questions. More than 194k high-quality AIIMS \& NEET PG entrance exam MCQs covering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Ankit Pal , Logesh Kumar Umapathi , Malaikannan Sankarasubbu

Most existing multi-hop datasets are extractive answer datasets, where the answers to the questions can be extracted directly from the provided context. This often leads models to use heuristics or shortcuts instead of performing true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Julian Schnitzler , Xanh Ho , Jiahao Huang , Florian Boudin , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa