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The remarkable performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is entangled with their huge number of uninterpretable parameters, which has become the bottleneck limiting the exploitation of their full potential. Towards network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Yuchao Li , Rongrong Ji , Shaohui Lin , Baochang Zhang , Chenqian Yan , Yongjian Wu , Feiyue Huang , Ling Shao

Capsule Networks (CapsNets), recently proposed by the Google Brain team, have superior learning capabilities in machine learning tasks, like image classification, compared to the traditional CNNs. However, CapsNets require extremely intense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Alberto Marchisio , Beatrice Bussolino , Alessio Colucci , Maurizio Martina , Guido Masera , Muhammad Shafique

Capsule Network (CapsNet) is among the promising classifiers and a possible successor of the classifiers built based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CapsNet is more accurate than CNNs in detecting images with overlapping categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pouya Shiri , Amirali Baniasadi

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a wide array of tasks, but they are usually considered opaque since internal structure and learned parameters are not interpretable. In this paper, we re-examine the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-21 Yinpeng Dong , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Fan Bao

Learning invariant representations has been the long-standing approach to self-supervised learning. However, recently progress has been made in preserving equivariant properties in representations, yet do so with highly prescribed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Miles Everett , Aiden Durrant , Mingjun Zhong , Georgios Leontidis

A Capsule Network (CapsNet) is a relatively new classifier and one of the possible successors of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). CapsNet maintains the spatial hierarchies between the features and outperforms CNNs at classifying images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Pouya Shiri , Amirali Baniasadi

Capsule Networks have emerged as a powerful class of deep learning architectures, known for robust performance with relatively few parameters compared to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, their inherent efficiency is often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Miles Everett , Mingjun Zhong , Georgios Leontidis

In this paper, we focus on learning low-dimensional embeddings for nodes in graph-structured data. To achieve this, we propose Caps2NE -- a new unsupervised embedding model leveraging a network of two capsule layers. Caps2NE induces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Dai Quoc Nguyen , Tu Dinh Nguyen , Dat Quoc Nguyen , Dinh Phung

This project considers Capsule Networks, a recently introduced machine learning model that has shown promising results regarding generalization and preservation of spatial information with few parameters. The Capsule Network's inner routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Gonçalo Faria

Capsule networks are a neural network architecture specialized for visual scene recognition. Features and pose information are extracted from a scene and then dynamically routed through a hierarchy of vector-valued nodes called 'capsules'…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-10-07 Alex B. Kiefer , Beren Millidge , Alexander Tschantz , Christopher L. Buckley

Capsules are the multidimensional analogue to scalar neurons in neural networks, and because they are multidimensional, much more complex routing schemes can be used to pass information forward through the network than what can be used in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Michael Hauser

Past few years have witnessed exponential growth of interest in deep learning methodologies with rapidly improving accuracies and reduced computational complexity. In particular, architectures using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Sai Samarth R Phaye , Apoorva Sikka , Abhinav Dhall , Deepti Bathula

Capsule neural networks replace simple, scalar-valued neurons with vector-valued capsules. They are motivated by the pattern recognition system in the human brain, where complex objects are decomposed into a hierarchy of simpler object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Matthias Mitterreiter , Marcel Koch , Joachim Giesen , Sören Laue

A capsule is a collection of neurons which represents different variants of a pattern in the network. The routing scheme ensures only certain capsules which resemble lower counterparts in the higher layer should be activated. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Hongyang Li , Xiaoyang Guo , Bo Dai , Wanli Ouyang , Xiaogang Wang

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in learning complex hierarchical data representations, but the nature of these representations remains largely unknown. Existing global explainability methods, such as Network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Kirill Bykov , Laura Kopf , Shinichi Nakajima , Marius Kloft , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Capsule networks are a class of neural networks that achieved promising results on many computer vision tasks. However, baseline capsule networks have failed to reach state-of-the-art results on more complex datasets due to the high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Josef Gugglberger , David Peer , Antonio Rodríguez-Sánchez

Capsule network is a recent new deep network architecture that has been applied successfully for medical image segmentation tasks. This work extends capsule networks for volumetric medical image segmentation with self-supervised learning.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-30 Minh Tran , Loi Ly , Binh-Son Hua , Ngan Le

We leverage probabilistic models of neural representations to investigate how residual networks fit classes. To this end, we estimate class-conditional density models for representations learned by deep ResNets. We then use these models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Michał Jamroż , Marcin Kurdziel

The Capsule Network is widely believed to be more robust than Convolutional Networks. However, there are no comprehensive comparisons between these two networks, and it is also unknown which components in the CapsNet affect its robustness.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Jindong Gu , Volker Tresp , Han Hu

Capsule Networks (CapsNets) are a generation of image classifiers with proven advantages over Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Better robustness to affine transformation and overlapping image detection are some of the benefits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ramin Sharifi , Pouya Shiri , Amirali Baniasadi