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Forecast reconciliation is a post-forecasting process that involves transforming a set of incoherent forecasts into coherent forecasts which satisfy a given set of linear constraints for a multivariate time series. In this paper we extend…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-25 Daniele Girolimetto , George Athanasopoulos , Tommaso Di Fonzo , Rob J Hyndman

Forecast reconciliation of multivariate time series is the process of mapping a set of incoherent forecasts into coherent forecasts to satisfy a given set of linear constraints. Commonly used projection matrix based approaches for point…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-23 Shanika L Wickramasuriya

Forecast reconciliation is a post-forecasting process aimed to improve the quality of the base forecasts for a system of hierarchical/grouped time series (Hyndman et al., 2011). Contemporaneous (cross-sectional) and temporal hierarchies…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-30 Tommaso Di Fonzo , Daniele Girolimetto

Linearly constrained multiple time series may be encountered in many practical contexts, such as the National Accounts (e.g., GDP disaggregated by Income, Expenditure and Output), and multilevel frameworks where the variables are organized…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-05 Daniele Girolimetto , Tommaso Di Fonzo

Some time series can be hierarchically organized into levels based on certain characteristics, such as geography or other attributes of interest. These series are referred to as hierarchical time series. Typically, forecasts are generated…

Forecast reconciliation is an important research topic. Yet, there is currently neither formal framework nor practical method for the probabilistic reconciliation of count time series. In this paper we propose a definition of coherency and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-28 Giorgio Corani , Dario Azzimonti , Nicolò Rubattu

In a recent paper, while elucidating the links between forecast combination and cross-sectional forecast reconciliation, Hollyman et al. (2021) have proposed a forecast combination-based approach to the reconciliation of a simple hierarchy.…

Applications · Statistics 2021-06-11 Tommaso Di Fonzo , Daniele Girolimetto

Methods for forecasting time series adhering to linear constraints have seen notable development in recent years, especially with the advent of forecast reconciliation. This paper extends forecast reconciliation to the open question of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-27 Daniele Girolimetto , Anastasios Panagiotelis , Tommaso Di Fonzo , Han Li

We encounter time series data in many domains such as finance, physics, business, and weather. One of the main tasks of time series analysis, one that helps to take informed decisions under uncertainty, is forecasting. Time series are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Gal Elgavish

This paper focuses on forecasting hierarchical time-series data, where each higher-level observation equals the sum of its corresponding lower-level time series. In such contexts, the forecast values should be coherent, meaning that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Shuhei Aikawa , Aru Suzuki , Kei Yoshitake , Kanata Teshigawara , Akira Iwabuchi , Ken Kobayashi , Kazuhide Nakata

Hierarchical time series are common in several applied fields. The forecasts for these time series are required to be coherent, that is, to satisfy the constraints given by the hierarchy. The most popular technique to enforce coherence is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-13 Lorenzo Zambon , Dario Azzimonti , Giorgio Corani

In this paper, we propose a machine learning approach for forecasting hierarchical time series. When dealing with hierarchical time series, apart from generating accurate forecasts, one needs to select a suitable method for producing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Paolo Mancuso , Veronica Piccialli , Antonio M. Sudoso

The problem of combining multiple forecasts of related quantities that obey expected equality and additivity constraints, often referred to a hierarchical forecast reconciliation, is naturally stated as a simple optimization problem. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Tianyu Wang , Matthew C. Johnson , Steven Klee , Matthew L. Malloy

Forecast reconciliation adjusts independently generated forecasts so that they satisfy some known constraints. While probabilistic forecast reconciliation is well established for linear constraints, some practical forecasting problems…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-30 Anubhab Biswas , Lorenzo Zambon , Lorenzo Nespoli , Giorgio Corani

Reconciliation enforces coherence between hierarchical forecasts, in order to satisfy a set of linear constraints. While most works focus on the reconciliation of the point forecasts, we consider probabilistic reconciliation and we analyze…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-15 Lorenzo Zambon , Arianna Agosto , Paolo Giudici , Giorgio Corani

Cross-temporal forecast reconciliation aims to ensure consistency across forecasts made at different temporal and cross-sectional levels. We explore the relationships between sequential, iterative, and optimal combination approaches, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-28 Daniele Girolimetto , Tommaso Di Fonzo

In recent works by Yang et al. (2017a,b), and Yagli et al. (2019), geographical, temporal, and sequential deterministic reconciliation of hierarchical photovoltaic (PV) power generation have been considered for a simulated PV dataset in…

Applications · Statistics 2022-09-16 Tommaso Di Fonzo , Daniele Girolimetto

As the popularity of hierarchical point forecast reconciliation methods increases, there is a growing interest in probabilistic forecast reconciliation. Many studies have utilized machine learning or deep learning techniques to implement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Guanyu Zhang , Feng Li , Yanfei Kang

Aggregation constraints, arising from geographical or sectoral division, frequently emerge in a large set of time series. Coherent forecasts of these constrained series are anticipated to conform to their hierarchical structure organized by…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-27 Zhichao Wang , Shanshan Wang , Wei Cao , Fei Yang

We introduce a dynamic approach to probabilistic forecast reconciliation at scale. Our model differs from the existing literature in this area in several important ways. Firstly we explicitly allow the weights allocated to the base…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-20 Ross Hollyman , Fotios Petropoulos , Michael E. Tipping
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