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Federated learning (FL) aims to train machine learning models in the decentralized system consisting of an enormous amount of smart edge devices. Federated averaging (FedAvg), the fundamental algorithm in FL settings, proposes on-device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Xin Yao , Tianchi Huang , Rui-Xiao Zhang , Ruiyu Li , Lifeng Sun

Federated Learning (FL) enables distributed training by learners using local data, thereby enhancing privacy and reducing communication. However, it presents numerous challenges relating to the heterogeneity of the data distribution, device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem , Atal Narayan Sahu , Marco Canini , Suhaib A. Fahmy

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed training paradigm that enables collaborative learning across clients without sharing local data, thereby preserving privacy. However, the increasing scale and complexity of modern deep models often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Honggu Kang , Seohyeon Cha , Joonhyuk Kang

In Federated Learning (FL), a number of clients or devices collaborate to train a model without sharing their data. Models are optimized locally at each client and further communicated to a central hub for aggregation. While FL is an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Farshid Varno , Marzie Saghayi , Laya Rafiee Sevyeri , Sharut Gupta , Stan Matwin , Mohammad Havaei

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising decentralized learning framework and has great potentials in privacy preservation and in lowering the computation load at the cloud. Recent work showed that FedAvg and FedProx - the two widely-adopted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-16 Lili Su , Jiaming Xu , Pengkun Yang

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed training paradigm that enables clients scattered across the world to cooperatively learn a global model without divulging confidential data. However, FL faces a significant challenge in the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Xidong Wu , Wan-Yi Lin , Devin Willmott , Filipe Condessa , Yufei Huang , Zhenzhen Li , Madan Ravi Ganesh

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm where a shared central model is learned across distributed edge devices while the training data remains on these devices. Federated Averaging (FedAvg) is the leading optimization method…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Yujing Chen , Yue Ning , Martin Slawski , Huzefa Rangwala

Federated learning (FL), which has gained increasing attention recently, enables distributed devices to train a common machine learning (ML) model for intelligent inference cooperatively without data sharing. However, problems in practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Yujie Zhou , Zhidu Li , Tong Tang , Ruyan Wang

Federated learning (FL) systems enable multiple clients to train a machine learning model iteratively through synchronously exchanging the intermediate model weights with a single server. The scalability of such FL systems can be limited by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuncong Zuo , Bart Cox , Lydia Y. Chen , Jérémie Decouchant

Federated Learning (FL) offers a pioneering distributed learning paradigm that enables devices/clients to build a shared global model. This global model is obtained through frequent model transmissions between clients and a central server,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Minghong Wu , Minghui Liwang , Yuhan Su , Li Li , Seyyedali Hosseinalipour , Xianbin Wang , Huaiyu Dai , Zhenzhen Jiao

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning technique that allows decentralized collaborative model training across a set of distributed clients, by avoiding raw data exchange. A fundamental component of FL is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sara Alosaime , Arshad Jhumka

Federated learning is a distributed paradigm that allows multiple parties to collaboratively train deep models without exchanging the raw data. However, the data distribution among clients is naturally non-i.i.d., which leads to severe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Tianfei Zhou , Ender Konukoglu

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm of collaborative machine learning that preserves user privacy while building powerful models. Nevertheless, due to the nature of open participation by self-interested entities, it needs to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Yanci Zhang , Han Yu

In the context of Federated Learning with heterogeneous data environments, local models tend to converge to their own local model optima during local training steps, deviating from the overall data distributions. Aggregation of these local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Mortesa Hussaini , Jan Theiß , Anthony Stein

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a significant paradigm for training machine learning models. This is due to its data-privacy-preserving property and its efficient exploitation of distributed computational resources. This is achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Mustafa Ghaleb , Mohanad Obeed , Muhamad Felemban , Anas Chaaban , Halim Yanikomeroglu

Federated Learning (FL) provides decentralised model training, which effectively tackles problems such as distributed data and privacy preservation. However, the generalisation of global models frequently faces challenges from data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Ozgu Goksu , Nicolas Pugeault

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients while preserving data privacy, yet faces challenges in non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) settings due to client drift, which impairs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mohammad Partohaghighi , Roummel Marcia , Bruce J. West , YangQuan Chen

In Federated Learning (FL), the clients learn a single global model (FedAvg) through a central aggregator. In this setting, the non-IID distribution of the data across clients restricts the global FL model from delivering good performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Siddharth Divi , Yi-Shan Lin , Habiba Farrukh , Z. Berkay Celik

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a communication-efficient algorithmic framework for distributed learning across multiple agents. While standard FL formulations capture unconstrained or globally constrained problems, many practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Mohammadjavad Ebrahimi , Daniel Burbano , Farzad Yousefian

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a means of distributed learning using local data stored at clients with a coordinating server. Recent studies showed that FL can suffer from poor performance and slower convergence when training data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Van Sy Mai , Richard J. La , Tao Zhang