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Structure-based drug design (SBDD), which aims to generate molecules that can bind tightly to the target protein, is an essential problem in drug discovery, and previous approaches have achieved initial success. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Xinze Li , Penglei Wang , Tianfan Fu , Wenhao Gao , Chengtao Li , Leilei Shi , Junhong Liu

Deep learning models can predict protein properties with unprecedented accuracy but rarely offer mechanistic insight or actionable guidance for engineering improved variants. When a model flags an antibody as unstable, the protein engineer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Weronika Kłos , Sidney Bender , Lukas Kades

Protein inverse folding is a fundamental problem in bioinformatics, aiming to recover the amino acid sequences from a given protein backbone structure. Despite the success of existing methods, they struggle to fully capture the intricate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chenglin Wang , Yucheng Zhou , Zijie Zhai , Jianbing Shen , Kai Zhang

Understanding the relationships between protein sequence, structure and function is a long-standing biological challenge with manifold implications from drug design to our understanding of evolution. Recently, protein language models have…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-29 Dexiong Chen , Philip Hartout , Paolo Pellizzoni , Carlos Oliver , Karsten Borgwardt

Deep generative diffusion models are a promising avenue for 3D de novo molecular design in materials science and drug discovery. However, their utility is still limited by suboptimal performance on large molecular structures and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Tuan Le , Julian Cremer , Frank Noé , Djork-Arné Clevert , Kristof Schütt

Protein structure tokenization converts 3D structures into discrete or vectorized representations, enabling the integration of structural and sequence data. Despite many recent works on structure tokenization, the properties of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zijing Liu , Bin Feng , He Cao , Yu Li

By providing new insights into the distribution of a protein's torsion angles, recent statistical models for this data have pointed the way to more efficient methods for protein structure prediction. Most current approaches have…

Applications · Statistics 2010-11-10 Kristin P. Lennox , David B. Dahl , Marina Vannucci , Ryan Day , Jerry W. Tsai

Deep learning methods have impacted almost every research field, demonstrating notable successes in medical imaging tasks such as denoising and super-resolution. However, the prerequisite for deep learning is data at scale, but data sharing…

Medical Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 Yongyi Shi , Wenjun Xia , Chuang Niu , Christopher Wiedeman , Ge Wang

Generating diverse, all-atom conformational ensembles of dynamic proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is critical for understanding their function, yet most generative models simplify atomic detail or ignore conformational…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-19 Aditya Sengar , Ali Hariri , Daniel Probst , Patrick Barth , Pierre Vandergheynst

Recently, machine learning has made a significant impact on de novo drug design. However, current approaches to creating novel molecules conditioned on a target protein typically rely on generating molecules directly in the 3D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Elbert Ho

Dual-target therapeutic strategies have become a compelling approach and attracted significant attention due to various benefits, such as their potential in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy. Considering the tremendous success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Xiangxin Zhou , Jiaqi Guan , Yijia Zhang , Xingang Peng , Liang Wang , Jianzhu Ma

Motivation: Protein embedding, which represents proteins as numerical vectors, is a crucial step in various learning-based protein annotation/classification problems, including gene ontology prediction, protein-protein interaction…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-21 Jiayu Shang , Cheng Peng , Yongxin Ji , Jiaojiao Guan , Dehan Cai , Xubo Tang , Yanni Sun

Generative modeling aims to generate new data samples that resemble a given dataset, with diffusion models recently becoming the most popular generative model. One of the main challenges of diffusion models is solving the problem in the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Wonjun Lee , Riley C. W. O'Neill , Dongmian Zou , Jeff Calder , Gilad Lerman

Latent diffusion models (LDMs) dominate high-quality image generation, yet integrating representation learning with generative modeling remains a challenge. We introduce a novel generative image modeling framework that seamlessly bridges…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Theodoros Kouzelis , Efstathios Karypidis , Ioannis Kakogeorgiou , Spyros Gidaris , Nikos Komodakis

Structure-based drug design has seen significant advancements with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the generation of hit and lead compounds. However, most AI-driven approaches neglect the importance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Xinheng He , Yijia Zhang , Haowei Lin , Xingang Peng , Xiangzhe Kong , Mingyu Li , Jianzhu Ma

This review is a tutorial for scientists interested in the problem of protein structure prediction, particularly those interested in using coarse-grained molecular dynamics models that are optimized using lessons learned from the energy…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2014-01-06 N. P. Schafer , B. L. Kim , W. Zheng , P. G. Wolynes

Attention-based models trained on protein sequences have demonstrated incredible success at classification and generation tasks relevant for artificial intelligence-driven protein design. However, we lack a sufficient understanding of how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Erik Nijkamp , Jeffrey Ruffolo , Eli N. Weinstein , Nikhil Naik , Ali Madani

In data analysis, latent variables play a central role because they help provide powerful insights into a wide variety of phenomena, ranging from biological to human sciences. The latent tree model, a particular type of probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-02-05 Raphaël Mourad , Christine Sinoquet , Nevin L. Zhang , Tengfei Liu , Philippe Leray

The idea of this project is to study the protein structure and sequence relationship using the hidden markov model and artificial neural network. In this context we have assumed two hidden markov models. In first model we have taken protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Saurabh Sarkar , Prateek Malhotra , Virender Guman

Computational protein design is experiencing a transformation driven by AI/ML. However, the range of potential protein sequences and structures is astronomically vast, even for moderately sized proteins. Hence, achieving convergence between…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Aymen Alsaadi , Jonathan Ash , Mikhail Titov , Matteo Turilli , Andre Merzky , Shantenu Jha , Sagar Khare