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The enactment of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018 forced any organization that collects and/or processes EU-based personal data to comply with stringent privacy regulations. Software organizations have struggled to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Ze Shi Li , Colin Werner , Neil Ernst , Daniela Damian

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enforced from 25th May 2018, aims to reform how organisations view and control the personal data of private EU citizens. The scope of GDPR is somewhat unprecedented: it regulates every…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Sean Sirur , Jason R. C. Nurse , Helena Webb

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect in May 2018 and is designed to safeguard EU citizens' data privacy. The benefits of the regulation to consumers' rights and to regulators' powers are well known. The benefits to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Gerard Buckley , Tristan Caulfield , Ingolf Becker

What if the main data protection vulnerability is risk management? Data Protection merges three disciplines: data protection law, information security, and risk management. Nonetheless, very little research has been made on the field of…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-18 Luis Enriquez

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European Union regulation that will replace the existing Data Protection Directive on 25 May 2018. The most significant change is a huge increase in the maximum fine that can be levied for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-18 John KC Kingston

In Europe and indeed worldwide, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides protection to individuals regarding their personal data in the face of new technological developments. GDPR is widely viewed as the benchmark for data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Damiano Torre , Mauricio Alferez , Ghanem Soltana , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Lionel Briand

In our data-centric world, most services rely on collecting and using personal data. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to enhance individuals' control over their data, but its practical impact is not well understood.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Alex Bowyer , Jack Holt , Josephine Go Jefferies , Rob Wilson , David Kirk , Jan David Smeddinck

Since GDPR came into force in May 2018, companies have worked on their data practices to comply with this privacy law. In particular, since the privacy policy is the essential communication channel for users to understand and control their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Tamjid Al Rahat , Tu Le , Yuan Tian

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) remains the gold standard in privacy and security regulation. We investigate how the cost and effort required to implement GDPR is viewed by workers who have also experienced the regulations'…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Gerard Buckley , Tristan Caulfield , Ingolf Becker

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires an organisation that suffers a data breach to notify the competent Data Protection Authority. The organisation must also inform the relevant individuals, when a data breach threatens…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , Hadi Asghari , Noël Bangma , Jaap-Henk Hoepman

The GDPR grants data subjects certain rights, like the right to access their data from companies, but in practice multiple problems exist with exercising these rights such as unknown data holders or interpreting the received data. Small and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Erik Klinger , Alex Wiesmaier , Andreas Heinemann

Privacy and data protection have become more and more important in recent years since an increasing number of enterprises and startups are harvesting personal data as a part of their business model. One central requirement of the GDPR is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Tamas Bisztray , Nils Gruschka

With the arrival of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), several companies are making significant changes to their systems to achieve compliance. The changes range from modifying privacy policies to redesigning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Jayashree Mohan , Melissa Wasserman , Vijay Chidambaram

Data-driven applications and services have been increasingly deployed in all aspects of life including healthcare and medical services in which a huge amount of personal data is collected, aggregated, and processed in a centralised server…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Naila Azam , Anna Lito Michala , Shuja Ansari , Nguyen Truong

The new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will take effect in May 2018, and hence, designing compliant data protection policies and system architectures became crucial for organizations to avoid penalties. Unfortunately, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Vinh Thong Ta

Since the introduction of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), software developers increasingly have to make privacy-related decisions during system design and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Stefan Albert Horstmann , Sandy Hong , Maziar Niazian , Cristiana Santos , Alena Naiakshina

Big data has become a great asset for many organizations, promising improved operations and new business opportunities. However, big data has increased access to sensitive information that when processed can directly jeopardize the privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Nils Gruschka , Vasileios Mavroeidis , Kamer Vishi , Meiko Jensen

Since its implementation in May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has prompted businesses to revisit and revise their data handling practices to ensure compliance. The privacy policy, which serves as the primary means of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Lu Zhang , Nabil Moukafih , Hamad Alamri , Gregory Epiphaniou , Carsten Maple

Data privacy legislation, such as GDPR and CCPA/CPRA, has rendered data privacy law compliance a requirement of all software systems. Developers need to implement various kinds of functionalities to cover law needs, including user rights…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ioanna Theophilou , Georgia M. Kapitsaki

While protecting user data is essential, software developers often fail to fulfill privacy requirements. However, the reasons why they struggle with privacy-compliant implementation remain unclear. Is it due to a lack of knowledge, or is it…

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