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Random numbers are essential for our modern information based society e.g. in cryptography. Unlike frequently used pseudo-random generators, physical random number generators do not depend on complex algorithms but rather on a physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 Mario Stipčević , Rupert Ursin

Quantum Key Distribution(QKD) thrives to achieve perfect secrecy of One time Pad (OTP) through quantum processes. One of the crucial components of QKD are Quantum Random Number Generators(QRNG) for generation of keys. Unfortunately, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Arun Mishra , Kanaka Raju Pandiri , Anupama Arjun Pandit , Lucy Sharma

Quantum randomness relies heavily on the accurate characterization of the generator implementation, where the device imperfection or inaccurate characterization can lead to incorrect entropy estimation and practical bias, significantly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-12 You-Qi Nie , Hongyi Zhou , Bing Bai , Qi Xu , Xiongfeng Ma , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Random numbers are an essential resource to many applications, including cryptography and Monte Carlo simulations. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) represent the ultimate source of randomness, as the numbers are obtained by sampling…

With the accelerating development of quantum technologies and their growing computational potential, quantum systems are being adapted for simulations and other critical tasks across diverse domains, making the reliability of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Maryse Ernzer , Seung Yeob Shin , Fabrizio Pastore , Domenico Bianculli

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) as a genuine source of randomness is essential in many applications, such as number simulation and cryptography. Recently, a source-independent quantum random number generator (SI-QRNG), which can…

The entropy or randomness source is an essential ingredient in random number generation. Quantum random number generators generally require well modeled and calibrated light sources, such as a laser, to generate randomness. With…

Quantum coherence serves as a fundamental resource for generating intrinsic randomness, yet the quantification of randomness in quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on spontaneous emission has remained largely phenomenological.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Chenxu Li , Shengfan Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Random numbers have significant applications in fundamental science, high-level scientific research, cryptography, and several other areas where there is a pressing need for high-quality random numbers. We present an experimental…

In this paper, we approximate the hidden Markov model of chaotic-map truly random number generators (TRNGs) and describe its fundamental limits based on the approximate entropy-rate of the underlying bit-generation process. We demonstrate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-03-04 Ahmad Beirami , Hamid Nejati

Quantum random number generator (QRNG) is one of the most widely applied branches in quantum cryptography. Among all QRNG schemes, semi-device-independent (semi-DI) QRNG is quite promising, achieving high randomness generation rate with few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Hongyi Zhou

Quantum technologies promise information processing and communication technology advancements, including random number generation (RNG). Using Bell inequalities, a user of a quantum RNG hardware can certify that the values provided by an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Robert Okuła , Piotr Mironowicz

It has been proven that Boson sampling is a much promising model of optical quantum computation, which has been applied to designing quantum computer successfully, such as "Jiuzhang". However, the meaningful randomness of Boson sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Jinjing Shi , Tongge Zhao , Yizhi Wang , Chunlin Yu , Yuhu Lu , Ronghua Shi , Shichao Zhang , Junjie Wu

Quantum random number generators can provide genuine randomness by appealing to the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In general, a physical generator contains two parts---a randomness source and its readout. The source is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-01 Zhu Cao , Hongyi Zhou , Xiao Yuan , Xiongfeng Ma

This work presents two significant contributions from the perspectives of quantum random number generator (QRNG) manufacturers and users. For manufacturers, the conventional method of assessing the quantumness of single-photon-based QRNGs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Goutam Paul , Nirupam Basak , Soumya Das

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum theory, rendering them a foundational segment of quantum cryptography. Distinguished from trusted-device QRNGs whose security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-09 Zhenguo Lu , Jundong Wu , Yu Zhang , Shaobo Ren , Xuyang Wang , Hongyi Zhou , Yongmin Li

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) use the inherent unpredictability of quantum mechanics to generate true randomness, as opposed to classical random number generators. However, ensuring the authenticity of this randomness still…

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on gated single photon detection of an InGaAs photodiode at GHz frequency is demonstrated. Owing to the extremely long coherence time of each photon, each photons' wavefuntion extends over many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-28 J. F. Dynes , Z. L. Yuan , A. W. Sharpe , A. J. Shields

The generation of random numbers is a task of paramount importance in modern science. A central problem for both classical and quantum randomness generation is to estimate the entropy of the data generated by a given device. Here we present…

Random number generators play an essential role in cryptography and key distribution. It is thus important to verify whether the random numbers generated from these devices are genuine and unpredictable by any adversary. Recently, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Shubhayan Sarkar