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Variational inference with normalizing flows (NFs) is an increasingly popular alternative to MCMC methods. In particular, NFs based on coupling layers (Real NVPs) are frequently used due to their good empirical performance. In theory,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-27 Daniel Andrade

Normalizing flows are an established approach for modelling complex probability densities through invertible transformations from a base distribution. However, the accuracy with which the target distribution can be captured by the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-02 Harry Bevins , Will Handley , Thomas Gessey-Jones

Normalizing Flows (NFs) are likelihood-based models for continuous inputs. They have demonstrated promising results on both density estimation and generative modeling tasks, but have received relatively little attention in recent years. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Shuangfei Zhai , Ruixiang Zhang , Preetum Nakkiran , David Berthelot , Jiatao Gu , Huangjie Zheng , Tianrong Chen , Miguel Angel Bautista , Navdeep Jaitly , Josh Susskind

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in incorporating neural networks into particle filters, e.g. differentiable particle filters, to perform joint sequential state estimation and model learning for non-linear non-Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Xiongjie Chen , Yunpeng Li

This paper introduces a new latent variable generative model able to handle high dimensional longitudinal data and relying on variational inference. The time dependency between the observations of an input sequence is modelled using…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-28 Clément Chadebec , Stéphanie Allassonnière

Safe and reliable state estimation techniques are a critical component of next-generation robotic systems. Agents in such systems must be able to reason about the intentions and trajectories of other agents for safe and efficient motion…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Harrison Delecki , Liam A. Kruse , Marc R. Schlichting , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Normalizing flows are exact-likelihood generative neural networks which approximately transform samples from a simple prior distribution to samples of the probability distribution of interest. Recent work showed that such generative models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-27 Jonas Köhler , Leon Klein , Frank Noé

Flow-based deep generative models learn data distributions by transforming a simple base distribution into a complex distribution via a set of invertible transformations. Due to the invertibility, such models can score unseen data samples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Maximilian Schmidt , Marko Simic

Normalizing flows are bijective mappings between inputs and latent representations with a fully factorized distribution. They are very attractive due to exact likelihood valuation and efficient sampling. However, their effective capacity is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Matej Grcić , Ivan Grubišić , Siniša Šegvić

Variational inference relies on flexible approximate posterior distributions. Normalizing flows provide a general recipe to construct flexible variational posteriors. We introduce Sylvester normalizing flows, which can be seen as a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-21 Rianne van den Berg , Leonard Hasenclever , Jakub M. Tomczak , Max Welling

Many modern applications of Bayesian inference, such as in cosmology, are based on complicated forward models with high-dimensional parameter spaces. This considerably limits the sampling of posterior distributions conditioned on observed…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-17 Marco Raveri , Cyrille Doux , Shivam Pandey

Flow matching has emerged as a powerful generative modeling approach with flexible choices of source distribution. While Gaussian distributions are commonly used, the potential for better alternatives in high-dimensional data generation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Junho Lee , Kwanseok Kim , Joonseok Lee

Normalizing flows are a powerful technique for obtaining reparameterizable samples from complex multimodal distributions. Unfortunately, current approaches are only available for the most basic geometries and fall short when the underlying…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-03 Luca Falorsi

Normalizing flows provide an elegant approach to generative modeling that allows for efficient sampling and exact density evaluation of unknown data distributions. However, current techniques have significant limitations in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Sahil Sidheekh , Chris B. Dock , Tushar Jain , Radu Balan , Maneesh K. Singh

Modeling real-world distributions can often be challenging due to sample data that are subjected to perturbations, e.g., instrumentation errors, or added random noise. Since flow models are typically nonlinear algorithms, they amplify these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Sameera Ramasinghe , Kasun Fernando , Salman Khan , Nick Barnes

Explicit density learners are becoming an increasingly popular technique for generative models because of their ability to better model probability distributions. They have advantages over Generative Adversarial Networks due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Steven Walton , Valeriy Klyukin , Maksim Artemev , Denis Derkach , Nikita Orlov , Humphrey Shi

We investigate the use of normalizing flow (NF) models as flexible priors in Bayesian inference via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling for iterative Bayesian calibration. Trained on posteriors from previous analyses, these models can…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-04-02 Hendrik Roch , Chun Shen

Generative flow networks (GFlowNets) are amortized variational inference algorithms that are trained to sample from unnormalized target distributions over compositional objects. A key limitation of GFlowNets until this time has been that…

Bayesian learning is a powerful learning framework which combines the external information of the data (background information) with the internal information (training data) in a logically consistent way in inference and prediction. By…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-11 Erdong Guo , David Draper

Normalizing Flows are generative models that directly maximize the likelihood. Previously, the design of normalizing flows was largely constrained by the need for analytical invertibility. We overcome this constraint by a training procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Felix Draxler , Peter Sorrenson , Lea Zimmermann , Armand Rousselot , Ullrich Köthe