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Sparse Mixtures of Experts (SMoE) scales model capacity without significant increases in training and inference costs, but exhibits the following two issues: (1) Low expert activation, where only a small subset of experts are activated for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Wenhui Wang , Furu Wei

Mixture of Experts (MoE) offers remarkable performance and computational efficiency by selectively activating subsets of model parameters. Traditionally, MoE models use homogeneous experts, each with identical capacity. However, varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Ruobing Xie , Shuaipeng Li , Jiaqi Zhu , Zhen Yang , Pinxue Zhao , J. N. Han , Zhanhui Kang , Di Wang , Naoaki Okazaki , Cheng-zhong Xu

The Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) has been widely employed to enhance the efficiency of training and inference for Transformer-based foundational models, yielding promising results.However, the performance of SMoE heavily depends on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yongxin Guo , Zhenglin Cheng , Xiaoying Tang , Zhaopeng Tu , Tao Lin

In deep learning, models typically reuse the same parameters for all inputs. Mixture of Experts (MoE) defies this and instead selects different parameters for each incoming example. The result is a sparsely-activated model -- with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 William Fedus , Barret Zoph , Noam Shazeer

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE) architectures have gained prominence for their ability to scale neural networks, particularly transformers, without a proportional increase in computational cost. Despite their success, their role in…

Recently, Mixture-of-Experts (short as MoE) architecture has achieved remarkable success in increasing the model capacity of large-scale language models. However, MoE requires incorporating significantly more parameters than the base model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ze-Feng Gao , Peiyu Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhong-Yi Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) has become the key to unlocking unparalleled scalability in deep learning. SMoE has the potential to exponentially increase parameter count while maintaining the efficiency of the model by only activating a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Rachel S. Y. Teo , Tan M. Nguyen

Sparse models, including sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, have emerged as an effective approach for scaling Transformer models. However, they often suffer from computational inefficiency since a significant number of parameters are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yuanhang Yang , Shiyi Qi , Wenchao Gu , Chaozheng Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Zenglin Xu

Sparsely activated models (SAMs), such as Mixture-of-Experts (MoE), can easily scale to have outrageously large amounts of parameters without significant increase in computational cost. However, SAMs are reported to be parameter inefficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Simiao Zuo , Xiaodong Liu , Jian Jiao , Young Jin Kim , Hany Hassan , Ruofei Zhang , Tuo Zhao , Jianfeng Gao

We focus on multi-domain Neural Machine Translation, with the goal of developing efficient models which can handle data from various domains seen during training and are robust to domains unseen during training. We hypothesize that Sparse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Nadezhda Chirkova , Vassilina Nikoulina , Jean-Luc Meunier , Alexandre Bérard

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models based on Transformer architecture are pushing the boundaries of language and vision tasks. The allure of these models lies in their ability to substantially increase the parameter count without a…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models efficiently by sparsely activating experts, but once an expert is selected, it is executed fully. Hence, the trade-off between accuracy and computation in an MoE model typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoEs) models scale the capacity of models while maintaining constant computational overhead. Early designs typically relied on a fixed value of $k$, where $k$ represents either the number of experts selected per…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Giang Do , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can achieve promising results with outrageous large amount of parameters but constant computation cost, and thus it has become a trend in model scaling. Still it is a mystery how MoE layers bring quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Yang , Junyang Lin , Rui Men , Chang Zhou , Le Jiang , Xianyan Jia , Ang Wang , Jie Zhang , Jiamang Wang , Yong Li , Di Zhang , Wei Lin , Lin Qu , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers…

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) has emerged as a promising solution to achieving unparalleled scalability in deep learning by decoupling model parameter count from computational cost. By activating only a small subset of parameters per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Minh-Khoi Nguyen-Nhat , Rachel S. Y. Teo , Laziz Abdullaev , Maurice Mok , Viet-Hoang Tran , Tan Minh Nguyen

Sparse mixture of expert architectures (MoEs) scale model capacity without significant increases in training or inference costs. Despite their success, MoEs suffer from a number of issues: training instability, token dropping, inability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Joan Puigcerver , Carlos Riquelme , Basil Mustafa , Neil Houlsby

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) models offer a scalable and efficient architecture for training large neural networks by activating only a subset of parameters ("experts") for each input. A learned router computes a distribution over these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nabil Omi , Siddhartha Sen , Ali Farhadi

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) enables efficient training of large language models by routing input tokens to a select number of experts. However, training SMoE remains challenging due to the issue of representation collapse. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Giang Do , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

Despite their practical success, it remains unclear why Mixture of Experts (MoE) models can outperform dense networks beyond sheer parameter scaling. We study an iso-parameter regime where inputs exhibit latent modular structure but are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Dong Sun , Rahul Nittala , Rebekka Burkholz
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