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Multi-bit watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for embedding imperceptible binary messages into Large Language Model (LLM)-generated text, enabling reliable attribution and tracing of malicious usage of LLMs. Despite recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

As the quality of image generators continues to improve, deepfakes become a topic of considerable societal debate. Image watermarking allows responsible model owners to detect and label their AI-generated content, which can mitigate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Kasra Arabi , Benjamin Feuer , R. Teal Witter , Chinmay Hegde , Niv Cohen

The goal of video watermarking is to embed a message within a video file in a way such that it minimally impacts the viewing experience but can be recovered even if the video is redistributed and modified, allowing media producers to assert…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Kevin Alex Zhang , Lei Xu , Alfredo Cuesta-Infante , Kalyan Veeramachaneni

Videos are prone to tampering attacks that alter the meaning and deceive the audience. Previous video forgery detection schemes find tiny clues to locate the tampered areas. However, attackers can successfully evade supervision by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Yangming Zhou , Qichao Ying , Xiangyu Zhang , Zhenxing Qian , Sheng Li , Xinpeng Zhang

This paper introduces a novel problem, distributional information embedding, motivated by the practical demands of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional information embedding, which embeds information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

The main theme of this application is to provide an algorithm color image watermark to manage the attacks such as rotation, scaling and translation. In the existing watermarking algorithms, those exploited robust features are more or less…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-10-23 J. Veerappan , G. Pitchammal

Advancements in digital technologies make it easy to modify the content of digital images. Hence, ensuring digital images integrity and authenticity is necessary to protect them against various attacks that manipulate them. We present a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Sudev Kumar Padhi , Archana Tiwari , Sk. Subidh Ali

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have revolutionized software development but raised critical concerns regarding code provenance, copyright protection, and security. Existing code watermarking approaches suffer from two fundamental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yuqing Nie , Chong Wang , Guosheng Xu , Guoai Xu , Chenyu Wang , Haoyu Wang , Kailong Wang

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content. Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Yijian Lu , Jingjing Li , Xuming Hu , Xi Zhang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Hui Xiong , Philip S. Yu

In the present-day scenario, Large Language Models (LLMs) are establishing their presence as powerful instruments permeating various sectors of society. While their utility offers valuable support to individuals, there are multiple concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Badr Youbi Idrissi , Monica Millunzi , Amelia Sorrenti , Lorenzo Baraldi , Daryna Dementieva

We propose a novel multi-bit box-free watermarking method for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) of GANs with improved robustness against white-box attacks like fine-tuning, pruning, quantization, and surrogate model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Jianwei Fei , Zhihua Xia , Benedetta Tondi , Mauro Barni

With the increasing use of large-language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, watermarking has emerged as a promising approach for tracing machine-generated content. However, research on LLM watermarking often relies on simple perplexity or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Karanpartap Singh , James Zou

This study investigates the robustness of image classifiers to text-guided corruptions. We utilize diffusion models to edit images to different domains. Unlike other works that use synthetic or hand-picked data for benchmarking, we use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Mohammadreza Mofayezi , Yasamin Medghalchi

Text watermarking for large language models (LLMs) enables model owners to verify text origin and protect intellectual property. While watermarking methods for closed-source LLMs are relatively mature, extending them to open-source models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiaqi Xue , Yifei Zhao , Mansour Al Ghanim , Shangqian Gao , Ruimin Sun , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

Digital watermarking technology has a wide range of applications in video distribution and copyright protection due to its excellent invisibility and convenient traceability. This paper proposes a robust blind watermarking algorithm using…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Qinwei Chang , Leichao Huang , Shaoteng Liu , Hualuo Liu , Tianshu Yang , Yexin Wang

Copyright protection and authentication of digital contents has become a significant issue in the current digital epoch with efficient communication mediums such as internet. Plain text is the rampantly used medium used over the internet…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-03-10 Zunera Jalil , Anwar M. Mirza , Maria Sabir

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for text generation, watermarking has become essential for authorship attribution, intellectual property protection, and misuse detection. While existing watermarking methods perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Amit Bin Tariqul , A N M Zahid Hossain Milkan , Sahab-Al-Chowdhury , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

As valuable digital assets, deep neural networks necessitate robust ownership protection, positioning neural network watermarking (NNW) as a promising solution. Among various NNW approaches, weight-based methods are favored for their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yuan Yao , Jin Song , Jian Jin

In this paper a new approach to image watermarking in wavelet domain is presented. The idea is to hide the watermark data in blocks of the block segmented image. Two schemes are presented based on this idea by embedding the watermark data…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-01-05 Hamed Dehghan , S. Ebrahim Safavi