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Boolean satisfiability [1] (k-SAT) is one of the most studied optimization problems, as an efficient (that is, polynomial-time) solution to k-SAT (for $k\geq 3$) implies efficient solutions to a large number of hard optimization problems…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-08-03 Maria Ercsey-Ravasz , Zoltan Toroczkai

This paper gives a novel approach to analyze SAT problem more deeply. First, I define new elements of Boolean formula such as dominant variable, decision chain, and chain coupler. Through the analysis of the SAT problem using the elements,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-25 Keum-Bae Cho

In this paper, we provide a deterministic polynomial time algorithm that determines satisfiability of 3-SAT. The complexity analysis for the algorithm takes into account no efficiency and yet provides a low enough bound, that efficient…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Ortho Flint , Asanka Wickramasinghe , Jason Brasse , Christopher Fowler

A new quantum algorithm is proposed to solve Satisfiability(SAT) problems by taking advantage of non-unitary transformation in ground state quantum computer. The energy gap scale of the ground state quantum computer is analyzed for 3-bit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Wenjin Mao

Recently proposed analog solvers based on dynamical systems, such as Ising machines, are promising platforms for large-scale combinatorial optimization. Yet, given the heuristic nature of the field, there is very limited insight on…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-03-27 Shu Zhou , K. Y. Michael Wong , Juntao Wang , David Shui Wing Hui , Daniel Ebler , Jie Sun

Recently, nature-inspired computing approaches have gained significant attention for solving difficult optimization problems, particularly through Ising machines for NP-complete applications. Existing Ising accelerators range from quantum…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Siddhartha Raman Sundara Raman , Lizy K. John , Jaydeep P. Kulkarni

This paper proposes a new algorithm for solving MAX2SAT problems based on combining search methods with semidefinite programming approaches. Semidefinite programming techniques are well-known as a theoretical tool for approximating maximum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Po-Wei Wang , J. Zico Kolter

We present algorithms based on satisfiability problem (SAT) solving, as well as answer set programming (ASP), for solving the problem of determining inconsistency degrees in propositional knowledge bases. We consider six different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Isabelle Kuhlmann , Anna Gessler , Vivien Laszlo , Matthias Thimm

Combinatorial optimization problems are funda- mental for various fields ranging from finance to wireless net- works. This work presents a simulated bifurcation (SB) Ising solver in CMOS for NP-hard optimization problems. Analog domain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Alana Marie Dee , Sajjad Moazeni

Analog Ising machines (IMs) occupy an increasingly prominent area of computer architecture research, offering high-quality and low latency/energy solutions to intractable computing tasks. However, IMs have a fixed capacity, with little to…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Matthew X. Burns , Michael C. Huang

We introduce a methodology for generating benchmark problem sets for Ising machines---devices designed to solve discrete optimization problems cast as Ising models. In our approach, linear systems of equations are cast as Ising cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-02 Itay Hen

Computationally hard problems, including combinatorial optimization, can be mapped into the problem of finding the ground-state of an Ising Hamiltonian. Building physical systems with collective computational ability and distributed…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-03-02 Sourav Dutta , Abhishek Khanna , Adou S. Assoa , Hanjong Paik , Darrell Schlom , Zoltan Toroczkai , Arijit Raychowdhury , Suman Datta

Ising solvers with hierarchical clustering have shown promise for large-scale Traveling Salesman Problems (TSPs), in terms of latency and energy. However, most of these methods still face unacceptable quality degradation as the problem size…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Sangmin Yoo , Amod Holla , Sourav Sanyal , Dong Eun Kim , Francesca Iacopi , Dwaipayan Biswas , James Myers , Kaushik Roy

The past decade has seen the emergence of Ising machines targeting hard combinatorial optimization problems by minimizing the Ising Hamiltonian with spins represented by continuous dynamical variables. However, capabilities of these…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Aditya Shukla , Mikhail Erementchouk , Pinaki Mazumder

In VLSI physical design, many algorithms require the solution of difficult combinatorial optimization problems such as max/min-cut, max-flow problems etc. Due to the vast number of elements typically found in this problem domain, these…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Chase Cook , Hengyang Zhao , Takashi Sato , Masayuki Hiromoto , Sheldon X. -D. Tan

Current quantum annealing (QA) hardware suffers from practical limitations such as finite temperature, sparse connectivity, small qubit numbers, and control error. We propose new algorithms for mapping boolean constraint satisfaction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-11 Zhengbing Bian , Fabian Chudak , Robert Israel , Brad Lackey , William G. Macready , Aidan Roy

Ising machines are dedicated hardware solvers of NP-hard optimization problems. However, they do not always find the most optimal solution. The probability of finding this optimal solution depends on the problem at hand. Using continuation…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-12-10 Jacob Lamers , Guy Verschaffelt , Guy Van der Sande

The Ising model, originally proposed a century ago, has become a cornerstone of combinatorial optimization in recent decades. However, Ising machines remain constrained by a fundamental hardware-speed trade-off. We introduce the Bounce-Bind…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Haiyang Zhang , Hao Wang , Rui Zhou , Sheng Chang

While the solution counting problem for propositional satisfiability (#SAT) has received renewed attention in recent years, this research trend has not affected other AI solving paradigms like answer set programming (ASP). Although ASP…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-12-23 Johannes Fichte , Markus Hecher , Michael Morak , Stefan Woltran

We present a novel application of the Kramers-Wannier duality on one of the most important problems of computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT). More specifically, we focus on sharp-SAT or equivalently #SAT - the problem…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-10-10 Joe Mitchell , Benjamin Hsu , Victor Galitski