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LoRa is a widely adopted method of utilizing chirp spread spectrum (CSS) techniques at the physical (PHY) layer to facilitate low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) connectivity. By tailoring the spreading factors, LoRa can achieve a diverse…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-05 Ali Waqar Azim , Ahmad Bazzi , Raed Shubair , Marwa Chafii

LoRaWAN is a prominent communication standard to enable reliable low-power, long-range communications for the Internet of Things (IoT). The modulation technique used in LoRaWAN, commonly known as LoRa modulation, is based on the principle…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-07 Tung T. Nguyen , Ha H. Nguyen

LoRaWAN has emerged as an appealing technology to connect IoT devices but it functions without explicit coordination among transmitters, which can lead to many packet collisions as the network scales. State-of-the-art work proposes various…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Chenning Li , Xiuzhen Guo , Longfei Shangguan , Zhichao Cao , Kyle Jamieson

Low power wide area network technologies (LPWANs) are attracting attention because they fulfill the need for long range low power communication for the Internet of Things. LoRa is one of the proprietary LPWAN physical layer (PHY)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Reza Ghanaatian , Orion Afisiadis , Matthieu Cotting , Andreas Burg

Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) is the modulation technique currently employed by Long-Range (LoRa), which is one of the most prominent Internet of things wireless communications standards. The LoRa physical layer (PHY) employs CSS on top of a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-11 Ivo Bizon Franco de Almeida , Marwa Chafii , Ahmad Nimr , Gerhard Fettweis

LoRa is a widely recognized modulation technology in the field of low power wide area networks (LPWANs). However, the data rate of LoRa is too low to satisfy the requirements of Internet of Things applications. To address this issue, we…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-28 Hao Zeng , Huan Ma , Yi Fang , Pingping Chen , Wenkun Wen , Tierui Min

LoRa is currently one of the most widely used low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies. The physical layer leverages a chirp spread spectrum modulation to achieve long-range communication with low power consumption. Synchronization…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-06 Joachim Tapparel , Andreas Burg

Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks are making spectacular progress from design, standardisation, to commercialisation. At this time of fast-paced adoption, it is of utmost importance to analyse how well these technologies will scale as the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-09-29 Orestis Georgiou , Usman Raza

Long-range (LoRa) technology is most widely used for enabling low-power wide area networks (WANs) on unlicensed frequency bands. Despite its modest data rates, it provides extensive coverage for low-power devices, making it an ideal…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Mohammed Jouhari , Nasir Saeed , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , El Mehdi Amhoud

LoRa is one of the most widely used low-power wide-area network technology for the Internet of Things. To achieve long-range communication with low power consumption at a low cost, LoRa uses a chirp spread spectrum modulation and transmits…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Joachim Tapparel , Andreas Burg

Long-range low-power wireless communications, such as LoRa, are used in many IoT and environmental monitoring applications. They typically increase the communication range to several kilometers, at the cost of reducing the bitrate to a few…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Nancy El Rachkidy , Alexandre Guitton , Megumi Kaneko

Recent years have witnessed the proliferation of Low-power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) in the unlicensed band for various Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. Due to the ultra-low transmission power and long transmission duration, LPWAN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Kai Sun , Zhimeng Yin , Weiwei Chen , Shuai Wang , Zeyu Zhang , Tian He

The last few years have seen the proliferation of low-power wide area networks like LoRa, Sigfox and 802.11ah, each of which use a different and sometimes proprietary coding and modulation scheme, work below the noise floor and operate on…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Justin Chan , Anran Wang , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Shyamnath Gollakota

Chirps spread spectrum (CSS) modulation is the heart of long-range (LoRa) modulation used in the context of long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) in internet of things (IoT) scenarios. Despite being a proprietary technology owned by…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-17 Alireza Maleki , Ha H. Nguyen , Ebrahim Bedeer , Robert Barton

Low power wide area networks (LPWANs), such as the ones based on the LoRaWAN protocol, are seen as enablers of large number of IoT applications and services. In this work, we assess the scalability of LoRaWAN by analyzing the frame success…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-02-06 René Brandborg Sørensen , Nasrin Razmi , Jimmy Jessen Nielsen , Petar Popovski

The Internet of Things (IoT) revolution demands scalable, energy-efficient communication protocols supporting widespread device deployments. The LoRa technology, coupled with the LoRaWAN protocol, has emerged as a leading Low Power Wide…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Riccardo Marini , Giampaolo Cuozzo

In this paper we present a new modulation, called DLoRa, similar in principle to the conventional LoRa modulation and compatible with it in terms of bandwidth and numerology. DLoRa departs from the conventional LoRa modulation as it is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Lorenzo Vangelista , Alessandro Cattapan

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the sub-GHz unlicensed spectrum is increasingly being shared by protocols such as Long Range (LoRa), Sigfox, and Long-Range Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (LR-FHSS).…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jingxiang Huang , Samer Lahoud

Linear chirp-based underwater acoustic communication has been widely used due to its reliability and long-range transmission capability. However, unlike the counterpart chirp technology in wireless -- LoRa, its throughput is severely…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-30 Wenjun Xie , Enqi Zhang , Lizhao You , Deqing Wang , Zhaorui Wang , Liqun Fu

This article examines two chirp spread spectrum techniques specifically devised for low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) to optimize energy and spectral efficiency (SE). These methods referred to as layered CSS (LCSS) and layered dual-mode…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-30 Ali Waqar Azim , Ahmad Bazzi , Roberto Bomfin , Raed Shubair , Marwa Chafii
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