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Model stealing aims at inferring a victim model's functionality at a fraction of the original training cost. While the goal is clear, in practice the model's architecture, weight dimension, and original training data can not be determined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 David Pape , Sina Däubener , Thorsten Eisenhofer , Antonio Emanuele Cinà , Lea Schönherr

The topic of deep learning has seen a surge of interest in recent years both within and outside of the field of Statistics. Deep models leverage both nonlinearity and interaction effects to provide superior predictions in many cases when…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-18 Paul A. Parker , Scott H. Holan

The inability of Machine Learning (ML) models to successfully extrapolate correct predictions from out-of-distribution (OoD) samples is a major hindrance to the application of ML in critical applications. Until the generalization ability of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Mark Philip Philipsen , Thomas Baltzer Moeslund

A small but growing body of work has shown that machine learning models which better align with human vision have also exhibited higher robustness to adversarial examples, raising the question: can human-like perception make models more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Blaine Hoak , Kunyang Li , Patrick McDaniel

As the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) becomes more widespread, understanding their self-evaluation of confidence in generated responses becomes increasingly important as it is integral to the reliability of the output of these models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Abhishek Kumar , Robert Morabito , Sanzhar Umbet , Jad Kabbara , Ali Emami

Intelligent agents must be able to articulate its own uncertainty. In this work, we show that pre-trained sequence models are naturally capable of probabilistic reasoning over exchangeable data points -- forming informed beliefs and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-02 Naimeng Ye , Hongseok Namkoong

Federated learning encounters substantial challenges with heterogeneous data, leading to performance degradation and convergence issues. While considerable progress has been achieved in mitigating such an impact, the reliability aspect of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Jinqian Chen , Jihua Zhu , Qinghai Zheng , Zhongyu Li , Zhiqiang Tian

Reinforcement Learning frameworks, particularly those utilizing human annotations, have become an increasingly popular method for preference fine-tuning, where the outputs of a language model are tuned to match a certain set of behavioral…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Archie Chaudhury

The demand for regulating potentially risky behaviors of large language models (LLMs) has ignited research on alignment methods. Since LLM alignment heavily relies on reward models for optimization or evaluation, neglecting the quality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Yan Liu , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xiaokang Chen , Jing Yao , Jingwei Yi , Daoguang Zan , Zheng Liu , Xing Xie , Tsung-Yi Ho

Existing work on understanding deep learning often employs measures that compress all data-dependent information into a few numbers. In this work, we adopt a perspective based on the role of individual examples. We introduce a measure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Robert J. N. Baldock , Hartmut Maennel , Behnam Neyshabur

A rich set of frequentist model averaging methods has been developed, but their applications have largely been limited to point prediction, as measuring prediction uncertainty in general settings remains an open problem. In this paper we…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-21 Zhongjun Qu , Wendun Wang , Xiaomeng Zhang

Estimating the out-of-distribution performance in regimes where labels are scarce is critical to safely deploy foundation models. Recently, it was shown that ensembles of neural networks observe the phenomena "agreement-on-the-line", which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Rahul Saxena , Taeyoun Kim , Aman Mehra , Christina Baek , Zico Kolter , Aditi Raghunathan

Uncertainty estimation in machine learning has traditionally focused on the prediction stage, aiming to quantify confidence in model outputs while treating learned representations as deterministic and reliable by default. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-20 Yiyao Yang

Calibration strengthens the trustworthiness of black-box models by producing better accurate confidence estimates on given examples. However, little is known about if model explanations can help confidence calibration. Intuitively, humans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Dongfang Li , Baotian Hu , Qingcai Chen

We present a flexible framework for learning predictive models that approximately satisfy the equalized odds notion of fairness. This is achieved by introducing a general discrepancy functional that rigorously quantifies violations of this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-09 Yaniv Romano , Stephen Bates , Emmanuel J. Candès

Training a deep neural network (DNN) often involves stochastic optimization, which means each run will produce a different model. Several works suggest this variability is negligible when models have the same performance, which in the case…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-03 Sinjini Banerjee , Reilly Cannon , Tim Marrinan , Tony Chiang , Anand D. Sarwate

The increasing adoption of machine learning tools has led to calls for accountability via model interpretability. But what does it mean for a machine learning model to be interpretable by humans, and how can this be assessed? We focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Dylan Slack , Sorelle A. Friedler , Carlos Scheidegger , Chitradeep Dutta Roy

Merging Large Language Models (LLMs) is a cost-effective technique for combining multiple expert LLMs into a single versatile model, retaining the expertise of the original ones. However, current approaches often overlook the importance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Umberto Michieli , Fabio Pizzati , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem , Mete Ozay

Independently trained machine learning models tend to learn similar features. Given an ensemble of independently trained models, this results in correlated predictions and common failure modes. Previous attempts focusing on decorrelation of…

Large Language Models (LLMs) tend to be unreliable in the factuality of their answers. To address this problem, NLP researchers have proposed a range of techniques to estimate LLM's confidence over facts. However, due to the lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Matéo Mahaut , Laura Aina , Paula Czarnowska , Momchil Hardalov , Thomas Müller , Lluís Màrquez