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The purpose of this study is to show how to get a necessary criterion for prime numbers with the help of special matrices. My special interest lies in the empirical research of these matrices and their patterns, structures and symmetries.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-08-09 Jonas Kaiser

I show here that there are three different kinds of iterations for the reduced Collatz algorithm; depending on whether the root of the number is odd or even. There is only one kind of iteration if the root is odd and two kinds if the root…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-10-28 Leonel Sternberg

As Collatz conjecture is still to be proved, a method to arrive at the complete proof is explored here. Conceptually, the process relies on the pre-proven sequence data and the method follows the confirmation of the convergence of the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-03-05 Ramachandra Bhat

The Collatz conjecture (also known as the $3x+1$ problem) concerns the behavior of the discrete dynamical system on the positive integers defined by iteration of the so-called $3x + 1$ function. We investigate analogous dynamical systems in…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-10-11 Daniel Nichols

We here elaborate on a quantitative argument to support the validity of the Collatz conjecture, also known as the (3x + 1) or Syracuse conjecture. The analysis is structured as follows. First, three distinct fixed points are found for the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-12-28 Timoteo Carletti , Duccio Fanelli

In this paper, we discuss the well known 3x+1 conjecture in form of the accelerated Collatz function T defined on the positive odd integers. We present a sequence of quotient spaces and an invertible map that are intrinsically related to…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-26 Peter Hellekalek

In a previous article, we reduced the unsolved problem of the convergence of Collatz sequences, to convergence of Collatz sequences of odd numbers, that are divisible by 3. In this article, we further reduce this set to odd numbers that are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-07 Maya Mohsin Ahmed

Lothar Collatz had proposed in 1937 a conjecture in number theory called Collatz conjecture. Till today there is no evidence of proving or disproving the conjecture. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic approach for verification of the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-12-13 Venkatesulu Mandadi , Devi Paramwswari

Set out here are some fundamental theories that may be regarded as newly discovered metamathematics of the odd integers in relation to the Collatz conjecture (also called the 3x+1 problem). Originally motivated by the requirement to invent…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-03-19 Michael A. Idowu

We describe a new algorithm for verifying the Collatz conjecture for all n < 2^N for some fixed N. The algorithm takes less than twice as long to verify convergence for all n < 2^{N+1} as it does to verify convergence for all n < 2^N. We…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Vigleik Angeltveit

The Collatz conjecture is explored using polynomials based on a binary numeral system. It is shown that the degree of the polynomials, on average, decreases after a finite number of steps of the Collatz operation, which provides a weak…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-05-22 Feng Pan , Jerry P. Draayer

Pairs of consecutive integers have the same height in the Collatz problem with surprising frequency. Garner gave a conjectural family of conditions for exactly when this occurs. Our main result is an infinite family of counterexamples to…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-12-01 Marcus Elia , Amanda Tucker

We give a short proof of Belaga's result on bounds to perigees of $(3x+d)$-cycles of a given oddlength. We also reformulate the Collatz cycle conjecture which is rather a algorithmic problem into a purely arithmetic problem.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-09-23 Masayoshi Kaneda

Consider a finite positive integer. If it is even, divide it by 2, and if it is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. This will give you a new integer. Following the procedure for the new integer, you will receive another integer. Repeat the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-05-26 Hassan Rezai Soleymanpour

The Collatz problem is one of many names (the Collatz Problem, the Syracuse Problem, the Hailstone Problem, the 3x+1 problem). Most commonly, however, the problem goes by either the 3x+1 problem or the Collatz problem. In addition to having…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2017-05-04 Denver Stahl

The Collatz conjecture, which posits that any positive integer will eventually reach 1 through a specific iterative process, is a classic unsolved problem in mathematics. This research focuses on designing an efficient algorithm to compute…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Eyob Solomon Getachew , Beakal Gizachew Assefa

This paper is an overview and survey of work on the 3x+1 problem, also called the Collatz problem, and generalizations of it. It gives a history of the problem. It addresses two questions: (1) What can mathematics currently say about this…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-05 Jeffrey C. Lagarias

Let $g$ be a map from the set of positive integers into itself defined as follows: Let $x$ be a positive integer. If $x$ is odd, then $g(x)=3x+1$, and if $x$ is even, then $g(x)=x/2$. The $3x+1$ conjecture, also called the Collatz…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-11-24 J. Llibre , C. Valls

In this article we present set of infinite natural numbers which satisfies the conjecture $3n+1$.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-08-05 G. H. S. Costa , A. C. Souza Filho

The scope of the present work is to explain why it is true that all N have a distinct position in The Collatz Tree (The Collatz Graph)

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 R. Bruun