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Discrimination between objects, in particular quantum states, is one of the most fundamental tasks in (quantum) information theory. Recent years have seen significant progress towards extending the framework to point-to-point quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Christoph Hirche

We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 A. Pirker , W. Dür

The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

With the rapid advancement of quantum information technology, quantum networks have become essential for supporting diverse applications, which often have stringent demands for key metrics such as fidelity and request completion time. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Yuan Li , Chen Zhang , Hao Zhang , Tao Huang , Yunjie Liu

Classical Internet evolved exceptionally during the last five decades, from a network comprising a few static nodes in the early days to a leviathan interconnecting billions of devices. This has been possible by the separation of concern…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Jessica Illiano , Marcello Caleffi , Antonio Manzalini , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

This paper presents a comparative analysis of three routing strategies in opportunistic quantum networks. Quantum communication networks face unique challenges, such as the fragility of qubits and the need to create and maintain pairs of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Diego Abreu , Alan Veloso , Antonio Abelém

Conventional quantum routing operates under the entrenched assumption that pathfinding is a prerequisite for routing. This classical-inspired routing model imposes a restricting design option, which prevents scaling the quantumness to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Si-Yi Chen , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Marcello Caleffi

Quantum information, computation and communication, will have a great impact on our world. One important subfield will be quantum networking and the quantum Internet. The purpose of a quantum Internet is to enable applications that are…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Antonio Abelem , Don Towsley , Gayane Vardoyan

Reliable and efficient functioning of a quantum network depends on identifying and mitigating security risks originating from within and outside the network. We aim to construct a comprehensive framework for developing and assessing secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-30 Salini Karuvade , Barry C. Sanders

Qubit transmission protocols are presently point-to-point, and thus restrictive in their functionality. A quantum router is necessary for the quantum Internet to become a reality. We present a quantum router design based on teleportation,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Bernardo A. Huberman , Bob Lund

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks enable unconditionally secure key exchange using quantum mechanical principles. However, routing cryptographic keys across multi-hop quantum networks introduces challenges unique to quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Ivan Cvitic , Dragan Perakovic , Armando Nolasco Pinto

The complementary features of different qubit platforms for computing and communicating impose an intrinsic hardware heterogeneity in any quantum network, where nodes, while processing and storing quantum information, must also communicate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Marcello Caleffi , Laura d'Avossa , Xu Han , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

The evolution of quantum computing technologies has been advancing at a steady pace in the recent years, and the current trend suggests that it will become available at scale for commercial purposes in the near future. The acceleration can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-29 Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella

We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…

The growth of modern technological sectors have risen to such a spectacular level that the blessings of technology have spread to every corner of the world, even to remote corners. At present, technological development finds its basis in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-29 Syed Rakib Hasan , Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury , Md. Saiam , Yeong Min Jang

With the emergence of the Quantum Internet, the need for advanced quantum networking techniques has significantly risen. Various models of quantum repeaters have been presented, each delineating a unique strategy to ensure quantum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zebo Yang , Ali Ghubaish , Raj Jain , Hassan Shapourian , Alireza Shabani

The key objective of the Quantum Internet is the distribution and manipulation of entanglement to enable unprecedented applications. This requires a radical departure from classical Internet design principles, such as the end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

These are exciting times for quantum physics as new quantum technologies are expected to soon transform computing at an unprecedented level. Simultaneously network science is flourishing proving an ideal mathematical and computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-13 Johannes Nokkala , Jyrki Piilo , Ginestra Bianconi

We consider various issues which arise as soon as one tries to practically implement simple networks of quantum relays for QKD. In particular we discuss authentication and routing which are essential ingredients of any QKD network. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrea Pasquinucci

Quantum network protocol development is crucial to realizing a production-grade network that can support distributed sensing, secure communication, and utility-scale quantum computation. However, the transition from laboratory demonstration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Robert J. Hayek , Joaquin Chung , Rajkumar Kettimuthu