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We propose FSPO (Fair Sequence Policy Optimization), a sequence-level reinforcement learning method for LLMs that enforces length-fair clipping on the importance-sampling (IS) weight. We study RL methods with sequence-level IS and identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Hanyi Mao , Quanjia Xiao , Lei Pang , Haixiao Liu

Feature extraction is an unavoidable task, especially in the critical step of preprocessing biological sequences. This step consists for example in transforming the biological sequences into vectors of motifs where each motif is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Rabie Saidi , Sabeur Aridhi , Mondher Maddouri , Engelbert Mephu Nguifo

De novo molecular design has facilitated the exploration of large chemical space to accelerate drug discovery. Structure-based de novo method can overcome the data scarcity of active ligands by incorporating drug-target interaction into…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-09-16 Yaqin Li , Lingli Li , Yongjin Xu , Yi Yu

The goal of protein representation learning is to extract knowledge from protein databases that can be applied to various protein-related downstream tasks. Although protein sequence, structure, and function are the three key modalities for…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-14 Eunji Ko , Seul Lee , Minseon Kim , Dongki Kim

Modeling biological sequences such as DNA, RNA, and proteins is crucial for understanding complex processes like gene regulation and protein synthesis. However, most current models either focus on a single type or treat multiple types of…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-16 Weixi Xiang , Xueting Han , Xiujuan Chai , Jing Bai

Proteins are shaped by gradual evolution under biophysical and functional constraints. Protein language models learn rich evolutionary constraints from large-scale sequences, and discrete diffusion-based protein language models~(\eg, DPLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Xinyou Wang , Liang Hong , Jiasheng Ye , Zaixiang Zheng , Yu Li , Shujian Huang , Quanquan Gu

Score-based generative models (SGMs) have proven to be powerful tools for designing new proteins. Designing proteins that bind a pre-specified target is highly relevant to a range of medical and industrial applications. Despite the flurry…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-30 John D Boom , Matthew Greenig , Pietro Sormanni , Pietro Liò

Proteins are essential macromolecules defined by their amino acid sequences, which determine their three-dimensional structures and, consequently, their functions in all living organisms. Therefore, generative protein modeling necessitates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Xinyou Wang , Zaixiang Zheng , Fei Ye , Dongyu Xue , Shujian Huang , Quanquan Gu

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are well-established Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. They rely on the fact that i) linear learning can be formalized as a well-posed optimization problem; ii) non-linear learning can be brought into linear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Christian Gagné , Marc Schoenauer , Michèle Sebag , Marco Tomassini

During their evolution, proteins explore sequence space via an interplay between random mutations and phenotypic selection. Here we build upon recent progress in reconstructing data-driven fitness landscapes for families of homologous…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-28 Matteo Bisardi , Juan Rodriguez-Rivas , Francesco Zamponi , Martin Weigt

Protein language models (pLMs) have demonstrated success at generating functional proteins across vast sequence spaces but lack the ability to design high-fitness variants on demand. Here, we iteratively guide pLMs toward user-defined…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-01 Filippo Stocco , Maria Artigues-Lleixa , Andrea Hunklinger , Talal Widatalla , Marc Guell , Noelia Ferruz

Protein structure prediction is one of the most important problems in computational biology. The most successful computational approach, also called template-based modeling, identifies templates with solved crystal structures for the query…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2013-06-20 Jian Peng

Proteins typically exist in complexes, interacting with other proteins or biomolecules to perform their specific biological roles. Research on single-chain protein modeling has been extensively and deeply explored, with advancements seen in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Ruizhe Chen , Dongyu Xue , Xiangxin Zhou , Zaixiang Zheng , Xiangxiang Zeng , Quanquan Gu

We build on auto-encoding sequential Monte Carlo (AESMC): a method for model and proposal learning based on maximizing the lower bound to the log marginal likelihood in a broad family of structured probabilistic models. Our approach relies…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-06 Tuan Anh Le , Maximilian Igl , Tom Rainforth , Tom Jin , Frank Wood

The quality of mesh generation has long been considered a vital aspect in providing engineers with reliable simulation results throughout the history of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The element extraction method, which is currently the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Hua Tong

Deep generative models show promise for $\textit{de novo}$ protein design, yet reliably producing designs that are geometrically plausible, evolutionarily consistent, functionally relevant, and dynamically stable remains challenging. We…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-15 Tianyuan Zheng , Alessandro Rondina , Gos Micklem , Pietro Liò

Protein contacts contain important information for protein structure and functional study, but contact prediction from sequence information remains very challenging. Recently evolutionary coupling (EC) analysis, which predicts contacts by…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2015-12-01 Siqi Sun , Jianzhu Ma , Sheng Wang , Jinbo Xu

A new approach for feature extraction from time series is proposed in this paper. This approach consists of a specific regression model incorporating a discrete hidden logistic process. The model parameters are estimated by the maximum…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-12-30 Faicel Chamroukhi , Allou Samé , Gérard Govaert , Patrice Aknin

Protein Language Models (PLMs), pre-trained on extensive evolutionary data from natural proteins, have emerged as indispensable tools for protein design. While powerful, PLMs often struggle to produce proteins with precisely specified…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-15 Long-Kai Huang , Rongyi Zhu , Bing He , Jianhua Yao

A popular approach to protein design is to combine a generative model with a discriminative model for conditional sampling. The generative model samples plausible sequences while the discriminative model guides a search for sequences with…