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Human annotation is central to NLP evaluation, yet subjective tasks often exhibit substantial variability across annotators. While large language models (LLMs) can provide structured reasoning to support annotation, their influence on human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Smitha Muthya Sudheendra , Jaideep Srivastava

Human label variation (Plank 2022), or annotation disagreement, exists in many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. To be robust and trusted, NLP models need to identify such variation and be able to explain it. To this end, we created…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Nan-Jiang Jiang , Chenhao Tan , Marie-Catherine de Marneffe

We present an overview of the BLP Sentiment Shared Task, organized as part of the inaugural BLP 2023 workshop, co-located with EMNLP 2023. The task is defined as the detection of sentiment in a given piece of social media text. This task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Md. Arid Hasan , Firoj Alam , Anika Anjum , Shudipta Das , Afiyat Anjum

We present our shared task on evaluating the adaptability of LLMs and NLP systems across multiple languages and cultures. The task data consist of an extended version of our manually constructed BLEnD benchmark (Myung et al. 2024), covering…

Annotator disagreement in emotion classification reflects ambiguity intrinsic to emotion concepts and is essential for predictor-quality assessment in subjective NLP. Yet no prior work integrates soft-label learning with Bayesian deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Keito Inoshita , Takato Ueno

In this paper, we introduce the Eval4NLP-2021shared task on explainable quality estimation. Given a source-translation pair, this shared task requires not only to provide a sentence-level score indicating the overall quality of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Marina Fomicheva , Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Wei Zhao , Steffen Eger , Yang Gao

Many NLP learning tasks can be decomposed into several distinct sub-tasks, each associated with a partial label. In this paper we focus on a popular class of learning problems, sequence prediction applied to several sentiment analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Xiao Zhang , Dan Goldwasser

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive achievements in solving a broad range of tasks. Augmented by instruction fine-tuning, LLMs have also been shown to generalize in zero-shot settings as well. However, whether LLMs closely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Noah Lee , Na Min An , James Thorne

Nature language inference (NLI) task is a predictive task of determining the inference relationship of a pair of natural language sentences. With the increasing popularity of NLI, many state-of-the-art predictive models have been proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Haohan Wang , Da Sun , Eric P. Xing

This paper presents our system description and error analysis of our entry for NLLP 2024 shared task on Legal Natural Language Inference (L-NLI) \citep{hagag2024legallenssharedtask2024}. The task required classifying these relationships as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ram Mohan Rao Kadiyala , Siddartha Pullakhandam , Kanwal Mehreen , Subhasya Tippareddy , Ashay Srivastava

Subjectivity and difference of opinion are key social phenomena, and it is crucial to take these into account in the annotation and detection process of derogatory textual content. In this paper, we use four datasets provided by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Sadat Shahriar , Thamar Solorio

Large Language Models (LLMs) are at the forefront of NLP achievements but fall short in dealing with shortcut learning, factual inconsistency, and vulnerability to adversarial inputs.These shortcomings are especially critical in medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Mael Jullien , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

We develop novel annotation guidelines for sentence-level subjectivity detection, which are not limited to language-specific cues. We use our guidelines to collect NewsSD-ENG, a corpus of 638 objective and 411 subjective sentences extracted…

Design biases in NLP systems, such as performance differences for different populations, often stem from their creator's positionality, i.e., views and lived experiences shaped by identity and background. Despite the prevalence and risks of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Sebastin Santy , Jenny T. Liang , Ronan Le Bras , Katharina Reinecke , Maarten Sap

Researchers have raised awareness about the harms of aggregating labels especially in subjective tasks that naturally contain disagreements among human annotators. In this work we show that models that are only provided aggregated labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Abhishek Anand , Negar Mokhberian , Prathyusha Naresh Kumar , Anweasha Saha , Zihao He , Ashwin Rao , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Human annotators frequently disagree on emotion labels, yet most evaluations of Large Language Model (LLM) emotion annotation collapse these judgments into a single gold standard, discarding the distributional information that disagreement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Keito Inoshita , Xiaokang Zhou , Akira Kawai , Katsutoshi Yada

Analyzing how humans revise their writings is an interesting research question, not only from an educational perspective but also in terms of artificial intelligence. Better understanding of this process could facilitate many NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Omid Kashefi , Tazin Afrin , Meghan Dale , Christopher Olshefski , Amanda Godley , Diane Litman , Rebecca Hwa

Predicting narrative similarity can be understood as an inherently interpretive task: different, equally valid readings of the same text can produce divergent interpretations and thus different similarity judgments, posing a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Max Upravitelev , Veronika Solopova , Jing Yang , Charlott Jakob , Premtim Sahitaj , Ariana Sahitaj , Vera Schmitt

Implicit feedback, employed in training recommender systems, unavoidably confronts noise due to factors such as misclicks and position bias. Previous studies have attempted to identify noisy samples through their diverged data patterns,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Tianrui Song , Wen-Shuo Chao , Hao Liu

The prevalence and impact of toxic discussions online have made content moderation crucial.Automated systems can play a vital role in identifying toxicity, and reducing the reliance on human moderation.Nevertheless, identifying toxic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Senjuti Dutta , Sid Mittal , Sherol Chen , Deepak Ramachandran , Ravi Rajakumar , Ian Kivlichan , Sunny Mak , Alena Butryna , Praveen Paritosh