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A multi-hop question answering (QA) dataset aims to test reasoning and inference skills by requiring a model to read multiple paragraphs to answer a given question. However, current datasets do not provide a complete explanation for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Xanh Ho , Anh-Khoa Duong Nguyen , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

We introduce LEAF-QA, a comprehensive dataset of $250,000$ densely annotated figures/charts, constructed from real-world open data sources, along with ~2 million question-answer (QA) pairs querying the structure and semantics of these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Ritwick Chaudhry , Sumit Shekhar , Utkarsh Gupta , Pranav Maneriker , Prann Bansal , Ajay Joshi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various reasoning tasks but face significant challenges with complex, knowledge-intensive multi-hop queries, particularly those involving new or long-tail knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Jie He , Nan Hu , Wanqiu Long , Jiaoyan Chen , Jeff Z. Pan

Despite the superb performance in many tasks, large language models (LLMs) bear the risk of generating hallucination or even wrong answers when confronted with tasks that demand the accuracy of knowledge. The issue becomes even more…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Lihui Liu , Zihao Wang , Ruizhong Qiu , Yikun Ban , Eunice Chan , Yangqiu Song , Jingrui He , Hanghang Tong

Knowledge-based visual question answering (QA) aims to answer a question which requires visually-grounded external knowledge beyond image content itself. Answering complex questions that require multi-hop reasoning under weak supervision is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Yu-Jung Heo , Eun-Sol Kim , Woo Suk Choi , Byoung-Tak Zhang

Knowledge graphs (KGs) are inherently incomplete because of incomplete world knowledge and bias in what is the input to the KG. Additionally, world knowledge constantly expands and evolves, making existing facts deprecated or introducing…

Accurately answering complex questions has consistently been a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). To address this, this paper proposes a multi-hop question decomposition method for complex questions, building upon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Zucheng Liang , Wenxin Wei , Kaijie Zhang , Hongyi Chen

Existing question answering datasets focus on dealing with homogeneous information, based either only on text or KB/Table information alone. However, as human knowledge is distributed over heterogeneous forms, using homogeneous information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Wenhu Chen , Hanwen Zha , Zhiyu Chen , Wenhan Xiong , Hong Wang , William Wang

Large, heterogeneous datasets are characterized by missing or even erroneous information. This is more evident when they are the product of community effort or automatic fact extraction methods from external sources, such as text. A special…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Ruud van Bakel , Teodor Aleksiev , Daniel Daza , Dimitrios Alivanistos , Michael Cochez

This work deals with the challenge of learning and reasoning over multi-modal multi-hop question answering (QA). We propose a graph reasoning network based on the semantic structure of the sentences to learn multi-source reasoning paths and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Navya Yarrabelly , Saloni Mittal

Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), most QA benchmarks are still confined to single-paragraph or single-document settings, failing to capture the complexity of real-world information-seeking tasks. Practical QA often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Jiwon Park , Seohyun Pyeon , Jinwoo Kim , Rina Carines Cabal , Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han

Knowledge graphs (KGs) are large datasets with specific structures representing large knowledge bases (KB) where each node represents a key entity and relations amongst them are typed edges. Natural language queries formed to extract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Abir Chakraborty

Understanding infographic charts with design-driven visual elements (e.g., pictograms, icons) requires both visual recognition and reasoning, posing challenges for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, existing visual-question…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Tianchi Xie , Minzhi Lin , Mengchen Liu , Yilin Ye , Changjian Chen , Shixia Liu

Charts are widely used to present complex information. Deriving meaningful insights in real-world contexts often requires interpreting multiple related charts together. Research on understanding multi-chart images has not been extensively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Azher Ahmed Efat , Seok Hwan Song , Wallapak Tavanapong

Chart Question Answering (CQA) aims at answering questions based on the visual chart content, which plays an important role in chart sumarization, business data analysis, and data report generation. CQA is a challenging multi-modal task…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Lingling Zhang , Muye Huang , QianYing Wang , Yaxian Wang , Wenjun Wu , Jun Liu

Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering is a popular area of research in the past decade. Recent public datasets have led to encouraging results in this field, but are mostly limited to English and only involve a small number of question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Jianyun Zou , Min Yang , Lichao Zhang , Yechen Xu , Qifan Pan , Fengqing Jiang , Ran Qin , Shushu Wang , Yifan He , Songfang Huang , Zhou Zhao

Question Answering over Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGQA) has attracted growing interest for handling time-sensitive queries. However, existing methods still struggle with: 1) weak incorporation of temporal constraints in question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Wuzhenghong Wen , Bowen Zhou , Jinwen Huang , Xianjie Wu , Yuwei Sun , Su Pan , Liang Li , Jianting Liu

Multi-hop question answering (QA) necessitates multi-step reasoning and retrieval across interconnected subjects, attributes, and relations. Existing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods struggle to capture these structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jimeng Shi , Wei Hu , Runchu Tian , Bowen Jin , Wonbin Kweon , SeongKu Kang , Yunfan Kang , Dingqi Ye , Sizhe Zhou , Shaowen Wang , Jiawei Han

Knowledge graph (KG) is known to be helpful for the task of question answering (QA), since it provides well-structured relational information between entities, and allows one to further infer indirect facts. However, it is challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Yuyu Zhang , Hanjun Dai , Zornitsa Kozareva , Alexander J. Smola , Le Song

Complex logical query answering (CLQA) is a challenging task that involves finding answer entities for complex logical queries over incomplete knowledge graphs (KGs). Previous research has explored the use of pre-trained knowledge graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Changyi Xiao , Yixin Cao