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Over the past decade, there has been extensive research aimed at enhancing the robustness of neural networks, yet this problem remains vastly unsolved. Here, one major impediment has been the overestimation of the robustness of new defense…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Leo Schwinn , David Dobre , Stephan Günnemann , Gauthier Gidel

Until recently, search engines were the predominant method for people to access online information. The recent emergence of large language models (LLMs) has given machines new capabilities such as the ability to generate new digital…

Large language models (LLMs) employ safety mechanisms to prevent harmful outputs, yet these defenses primarily rely on semantic pattern matching. We show that encoding harmful prompts as coherent mathematical problems -- using formalisms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Haoyu Zhang , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

In this paper, we present a multi-lingual sentence encoder that can be used in search engines as a query and document encoder. This embedding enables a semantic similarity score between queries and documents that can be an important feature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Mahdi Hajiaghayi , Monir Hajiaghayi , Mark Bolin

In the domain of digital information dissemination, search engines act as pivotal conduits linking information seekers with providers. The advent of chat-based search engines utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval Augmented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Lijia Ma , Xingchen Xu , Yong Tan

A novel pseudocode search engine is designed to facilitate efficient retrieval and search of academic papers containing pseudocode. By leveraging Elasticsearch, the system enables users to search across various facets of a paper, such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Levent Toksoz , Mukund Srinath , Gang Tan , C. Lee Giles

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a dominant approach for a wide range of NLP tasks, with their access to external information further enhancing their capabilities. However, this introduces new vulnerabilities, known as prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Ruiyi Zhang , David Sullivan , Kyle Jackson , Pengtao Xie , Mei Chen

Even though currently being challenged by ChatGPT and other large-language models (LLMs), Google Search remains one of the primary means for many individuals to find information on the internet. Interestingly, the way that we retrieve…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Konrad Kollnig

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across diverse natural language processing tasks, yet their vulnerability to character-level adversarial manipulations presents significant security challenges for real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Ephraiem Sarabamoun

The prevalence and strong capability of large language models (LLMs) present significant safety and ethical risks if exploited by malicious users. To prevent the potentially deceptive usage of LLMs, recent works have proposed algorithms to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhouxing Shi , Yihan Wang , Fan Yin , Xiangning Chen , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Search engines play an important role in the context of modern elections. By curating information in response to user queries, search engines influence how individuals are informed about election-related developments and perceive the media…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Mykola Makhortykh , Tobias Rorhbach , Maryna Sydorova , Elizaveta Kuznetsova

Research on adversarial attacks are becoming widely popular in the recent years. One of the unexplored areas where prior research is lacking is the effect of adversarial attacks on code-mixed data. Therefore, in the present work, we have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Sourya Dipta Das , Ayan Basak , Soumil Mandal , Dipankar Das

One of the stratagems used to deceive spam filters is to substitute vocables with synonyms or similar words that turn the message unrecognisable by the detection algorithms. In this paper we investigate whether the recent development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Sergio Rojas-Galeano

Purpose - To test the ability of major search engines, Google, Yahoo, MSN, and Ask, to distinguish between German and English-language documents Design/methodology/approach - 50 queries, using words common in German and in English, were…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-11-19 Dirk Lewandowski

This research article critically examines the potential risks and implications arising from the malicious utilization of large language models(LLM), focusing specifically on ChatGPT and Google's Bard. Although these large language models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-25 P. V. Sai Charan , Hrushikesh Chunduri , P. Mohan Anand , Sandeep K Shukla

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yinzhi Zhao , Ming Wang , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang

How different are search engines? The search engine wars are a favorite topic of on-line analysts, as two of the biggest companies in the world, Google and Microsoft, battle for prevalence of the web search space. Differences in search…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Konstantina Dritsa , Thodoris Sotiropoulos , Haris Skarpetis , Panos Louridas

The use of short text messages in social media and instant messaging has become a popular communication channel during the last years. This rising popularity has caused an increment in messaging threats such as spam, phishing or malware as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-08-19 Alejandro Mosquera , Lamine Aouad , Slawomir Grzonkowski , Dylan Morss

The recent growth in the use of Large Language Models has made them vulnerable to sophisticated adversarial assaults, manipulative prompts, and encoded malicious inputs. Existing countermeasures frequently necessitate retraining models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sheikh Samit Muhaimin , Spyridon Mastorakis

Web attacks, i.e. attacks exclusively using the HTTP protocol, are rapidly becoming one of the fundamental threats for information systems connected to the Internet. When the attacks suffered by web servers through the years are analyzed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Gonzalo Alvarez , Slobodan Petrovic