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Unsupervised learning in a generalized Hopfield associative-memory network is investigated in this work. First, we prove that the (generalized) Hopfield model is equivalent to a semi-restricted Boltzmann machine with a layer of visible…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-26 Huiling Zhen , Shang-Nan Wang , Hai-Jun Zhou

In neural network's Literature, Hebbian learning traditionally refers to the procedure by which the Hopfield model and its generalizations store archetypes (i.e., definite patterns that are experienced just once to form the synaptic…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-02-21 Francesco Alemanno , Miriam Aquaro , Ido Kanter , Adriano Barra , Elena Agliari

We generalize the standard Hopfield model to the case when a weight is assigned to each input pattern. The weight can be interpreted as the frequency of the pattern occurrence at the input of the network. In the framework of the statistical…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2012-05-07 Iakov Karandashev , Boris Kryzhanovsky , Leonid Litinskii

The Hopfield model is a paradigmatic model of neural networks that has been analyzed for many decades in the statistical physics, neuroscience, and machine learning communities. Inspired by the manifold hypothesis in machine learning, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-05-01 Matteo Negri , Clarissa Lauditi , Gabriele Perugini , Carlo Lucibello , Enrico Malatesta

Restricted Boltzmann Machines are key tools in Machine Learning and are described by the energy function of bipartite spin-glasses. From a statistical mechanical perspective, they share the same Gibbs measure of Hopfield networks for…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-08-02 Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra , Chiara Longo , Daniele Tantari

The gap between the huge volumes of data needed to train artificial neural networks and the relatively small amount of data needed by their biological counterparts is a central puzzle in machine learning. Here, inspired by biological…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-04-19 Miriam Aquaro , Francesco Alemanno , Ido Kanter , Fabrizio Durante , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

We analyze a variant of the Hopfield model that incorporates an unlearning mechanism based on spin correlations in the high-temperature regime. In the large system limit where extensively many patterns are stored, we employ the replica…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-10 Shuta Takeuchi , Takashi Takahashi , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

Statistical mechanics has made significant contributions to the study of biological neural systems by modeling them as recurrent networks of interconnected units with adjustable interactions. Several algorithms have been proposed to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-03-06 Enrico Ventura

Hopfield neural networks are a possible basis for modelling associative memory in living organisms. After summarising previous studies in the field, we take a new look at learning rules, exhibiting them as descent-type algorithms for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Pavel Tolmachev , Jonathan H. Manton

This paper look at how the Hopfield neural network can be used to store and recall patterns constructed from natural language sentences. As a pattern recognition and storage tool, the Hopfield neural network has received much attention.…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Nigel Collier

This article delves into the Hopfield neural network model, drawing inspiration from biological neural systems. The exploration begins with an overview of the model's foundations, incorporating insights from mechanical statistics to deepen…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-10-29 Matteo Silvestri

The Hopfield recurrent neural network is a classical auto-associative model of memory, in which collections of symmetrically-coupled McCulloch-Pitts neurons interact to perform emergent computation. Although previous researchers have…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-09 Christopher Hillar , Ngoc M. Tran

The standard Hopfield model for associative neural networks accounts for biological Hebbian learning and acts as the harmonic oscillator for pattern recognition, however its maximal storage capacity is $\alpha \sim 0.14$, far from the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Alberto Fachechi , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

Many models used in artificial intelligence and cognitive science rely on multi-element patterns stored in "slots" - dedicated storage locations - in a digital computer. As biological brains likely lack slots, we consider how they might…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Shaunak Bhandarkar , James L. McClelland

For the Hopfield model with the Hebb connection matrix we investigate the case of $p$ memorized patterns that are distorted copies of the same {\it standard}. In other words, we try to simulate that learning always takes place by means of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 L. B. Litinskii

In the past three decades, many theoretical measures of complexity have been proposed to help understand complex systems. In this work, for the first time, we place these measures on a level playing field, to explore the qualitative…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Maxinder S. Kanwal , Joshua A. Grochow , Nihat Ay

Hopfield models, originally developed to study memory retrieval in neural networks, have become versatile tools for modeling diverse biological systems in which function emerges from collective dynamics. In this review, we provide a…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Maria Yampolskaya , Pankaj Mehta

Hopfield networks are artificial neural networks which store memory patterns on the states of their neurons by choosing recurrent connection weights and update rules such that the energy landscape of the network forms attractors around the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Thomas F Burns , Tomoki Fukai

A modern challenge of Artificial Intelligence is learning multiple patterns at once (i.e.parallel learning). While this can not be accomplished by standard Hebbian associative neural networks, in this paper we show how the Multitasking…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-02-21 Elena Agliari , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

The Self-Optimization (SO) model can be considered as the third operational mode of the classical Hopfield Network, leveraging the power of associative memory to enhance optimization performance. Moreover, it has been argued to express…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Natalya Weber , Christian Guckelsberger , Tom Froese
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