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Black-box optimization (BBO) has a broad range of applications, including automatic machine learning, engineering, physics, and experimental design. However, it remains a challenge for users to apply BBO methods to their problems at hand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Yang Li , Yu Shen , Wentao Zhang , Yuanwei Chen , Huaijun Jiang , Mingchao Liu , Jiawei Jiang , Jinyang Gao , Wentao Wu , Zhi Yang , Ce Zhang , Bin Cui

Existing studies in black-box optimization for machine learning suffer from low generalizability, caused by a typically selective choice of problem instances used for training and testing different optimization algorithms. Among other…

Black-box optimization (BBO) underpins advances in domains such as AutoML and Materials Informatics, yet implementations of algorithms and benchmarks remain fragmented across research communities. We introduce OptunaHub…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yoshihiko Ozaki , Shuhei Watanabe , Toshihiko Yanase

Bayesian Optimisation (BO) refers to a suite of techniques for global optimisation of expensive black box functions, which use introspective Bayesian models of the function to efficiently search for the optimum. While BO has been applied…

Most black-box optimization methods require extensive hyperparameter tuning, often limiting their ability to generalize across different optimization domains. Foundation models for black-box optimization that learn optimization principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Aaron Klein , Herilalaina Rakotoarison , Luca Thale-Bombien , David Salinas

We introduce VOPy, an open-source Python library designed to address black-box vector optimization, where multiple objectives must be optimized simultaneously with respect to a partial order induced by a convex cone. VOPy extends beyond…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yaşar Cahit Yıldırım , Efe Mert Karagözlü , İlter Onat Korkmaz , Çağın Ararat , Cem Tekin

When gradient-based methods are impractical, black-box optimization (BBO) provides a valuable alternative. However, BBO often struggles with high-dimensional problems and limited trial budgets. In this work, we propose a novel approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-03 Riccardo Busetto , Manas Mejari , Marco Forgione , Alberto Bemporad , Dario Piga

In this paper, we present an open-source pure-Python library called PyPop7 for black-box optimization (BBO). As population-based methods (e.g., evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, and pattern search) become increasingly popular for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Qiqi Duan , Guochen Zhou , Chang Shao , Zhuowei Wang , Mingyang Feng , Yuwei Huang , Yajing Tan , Yijun Yang , Qi Zhao , Yuhui Shi

The pursuit of universal black-box optimization (BBO) algorithms is a longstanding goal. However, unlike domains such as language or vision, where scaling structured data has driven generalization, progress in offline BBO remains hindered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Rong-Xi Tan , Ming Chen , Ke Xue , Yao Wang , Yaoyuan Wang , Sheng Fu , Chao Qian

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a framework for global optimization of expensive-to-evaluate objective functions. Classical BO methods assume that the objective function is a black box. However, internal information about objective function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Raul Astudillo , Peter I. Frazier

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful technology for optimizing noisy expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions, with a broad range of real-world applications in science, engineering, economics, manufacturing, and beyond. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Joel A. Paulson , Calvin Tsay

In this survey, we introduce Meta-Black-Box-Optimization~(MetaBBO) as an emerging avenue within the Evolutionary Computation~(EC) community, which incorporates Meta-learning approaches to assist automated algorithm design. Despite the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Zeyuan Ma , Hongshu Guo , Yue-Jiao Gong , Jun Zhang , Kay Chen Tan

Black-box optimization (BBO) has become increasingly relevant for tackling complex decision-making problems, especially in public policy domains such as police redistricting. However, its broader application in public policymaking is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-23 Wenqian Xing , JungHo Lee , Chong Liu , Shixiang Zhu

We introduce COCO, an open source platform for Comparing Continuous Optimizers in a black-box setting. COCO aims at automatizing the tedious and repetitive task of benchmarking numerical optimization algorithms to the greatest possible…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Nikolaus Hansen , Anne Auger , Raymond Ros , Olaf Mersmann , Tea Tušar , Dimo Brockhoff

Many challenges in science and engineering, such as drug discovery and communication network design, involve optimizing complex and expensive black-box functions across vast search spaces. Thus, it is essential to leverage existing data to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Juncheng Dong , Zihao Wu , Hamid Jafarkhani , Ali Pezeshki , Vahid Tarokh

Black-Box Optimization (BBO) has found successful applications in many fields of science and engineering. Recently, there has been a growing interest in meta-learning particular components of BBO algorithms to speed up optimization and get…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Lei Song , Chenxiao Gao , Ke Xue , Chenyang Wu , Dong Li , Jianye Hao , Zongzhang Zhang , Chao Qian

Black-box optimization (BBO) can be used to optimize functions whose analytic form is unknown. A common approach to realising BBO is to learn a surrogate model which approximates the target black-box function which can then be solved via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Jonas Nüßlein , Christoph Roch , Thomas Gabor , Jonas Stein , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien , Sebastian Feld

Meta-Black-Box Optimization (MetaBBO) streamlines the automation of optimization algorithm design through meta-learning. It typically employs a bi-level structure: the meta-level policy undergoes meta-training to reduce the manual effort…

A wide spectrum of design and decision problems, including parameter tuning, A/B testing and drug design, intrinsically are instances of black-box optimization. Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful tool that models and optimizes such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Tianyi Bai , Yang Li , Yu Shen , Xinyi Zhang , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

NUBO, short for Newcastle University Bayesian Optimisation, is a Bayesian optimization framework for the optimization of expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions, such as physical experiments and computer simulators. Bayesian optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mike Diessner , Kevin J. Wilson , Richard D. Whalley
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