Related papers: Muon puzzle in ultra-high energy EASs according to…

Particle physics @ $\sqrt{s_{pp}}$ > 50 TeV with the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina provides the largest data sample of the cosmic ray events with energy above 10$^{18}$ eV. These high energy events can be used to test our understanding of the hadronic interactions at energies…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Petr Travnicek

Probing the evolution of the EAS muon content in the atmosphere with KASCADE-Grande

The evolution of the muon content of very high energy air showers (EAS) in the atmosphere is investigated with data of the KASCADE-Grande observatory. For this purpose, the muon attenuation length in the atmosphere is obtained to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-01-18 Grande Collaboration , W. D. Apel , J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez , K. Bekk , M. Bertaina , J. Blümer , H. Bozdog , I. M. Brancus , E. Cantoni , A. Chiavassa , F. Cossavella , K. Daumiller , V. de Souza , F. Di Pierro , P. Doll , R. Engel , D. Fuhrmann , A. Gherghel-Lascu , H. J. Gils , R. Glasstetter , C. Grupen , A. Haungs , D. Heck , J. R. Hörandel , T. Huege , K. -H. Kampert , D. Kang , H. O. Klages , K. Link , P. Łuczak , H. J. Mathes , H. J. Mayer , J. Milke , B. Mitrica , C. Morello , J. Oehlschläger , S. Ostapchenko , T. Pierog , H. Rebel , M. Roth , H. Schieler , S. Schoo , F. G. Schröder , O. Sima , G. Toma , G. C. Trinchero , H. Ulrich , A. Weindl , J. Wochele , J. Zabierowski

Dependence of the Energy Spectrum of UHE Cosmic Rays on the Latitude of an Extensive Air Shower Array

Several energy spectra of cosmic rays with energies E_0 \geq 10^17 eV measured at the Yakutsk EAS, AGASA, Haverah Park, HiRes, Auger, and SUGAR arrays are considered. It is shown that the fairly good mutual agreement of the spectrum shapes…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-02-29 A. V. Glushkov

Gamma-Ray Astronomy around 100 TeV with a large Muon Detector operated at Very High Altitude

Measurements at 100 TeV and above are an important goal for the next generation of high energy gamma-ray astronomy experiments to solve the still open problem of the origin of galactic cosmic rays. The most natural experimental solution to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-10-11 G. Di Sciascio , T. Di Girolamo , E. Rossi , L. Saggese

Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers probe particle physics at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. Here we introduce a new method to test hadronic interaction models without relying on the absolute energy calibration, and apply it…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2016-11-01 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , A. Aab , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , E. J. Ahn , I. Al Samarai , I. F. M. Albuquerque , I. Allekotte , J. Allen , P. Allison , A. Almela , J. Alvarez Castillo , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , M. Ambrosio , G. A. Anastasi , L. Anchordoqui , B. Andrada , S. Andringa , C. Aramo , F. Arqueros , N. Arsene , H. Asorey , P. Assis , J. Aublin , G. Avila , A. M. Badescu , C. Baus , J. J. Beatty , K. H. Becker , J. A. Bellido , C. Berat , M. E. Bertaina , X. Bertou , P. L. Biermann , P. Billoir , J. Biteau , S. G. Blaess , A. Blanco , J. Blazek , C. Bleve , H. Blümer , M. Boháčová , D. Boncioli , C. Bonifazi , N. Borodai , A. M. Botti , J. Brack , I. Brancus , T. Bretz , A. Bridgeman , F. L. Briechle , P. Buchholz , A. Bueno , S. Buitink , M. Buscemi , K. S. Caballero-Mora , B. Caccianiga , L. Caccianiga , A. Cancio , F. Canfora , L. Caramete , R. Caruso , A. Castellina , G. Cataldi , L. Cazon , R. Cester , A. G. Chavez , A. Chiavassa , J. A. Chinellato , J. Chudoba , R. W. Clay , R. Colalillo , A. Coleman , L. Collica , M. R. Coluccia , R. Conceição , F. Contreras , M. J. Cooper , S. Coutu , C. E. Covault , J. Cronin , R. Dallier , S. D'Amico , B. Daniel , S. Dasso , K. Daumiller , B. R. Dawson , R. M. de Almeida , S. J. de Jong , G. De Mauro , J. R. T. de Mello Neto , I. De Mitri , J. de Oliveira , V. de Souza , J. Debatin , L. del Peral , O. Deligny , N. Dhital , C. Di Giulio , A. Di Matteo , M. L. Díaz Castro , F. Diogo , C. Dobrigkeit , J. C. D'Olivo , A. Dorofeev , R. C. dos Anjos , M. T. Dova , A. Dundovic , J. Ebr , R. Engel , M. Erdmann , M. Erfani , C. O. Escobar , J. Espadanal , A. Etchegoyen , H. Falcke , K. Fang , G. Farrar , A. C. Fauth , N. Fazzini , A. P. Ferguson , B. Fick , J. M. Figueira , A. Filevich , A. Filipčič , O. Fratu , M. M. Freire , T. Fujii , A. Fuster , F. Gallo , B. García , D. Garcia-Pinto , F. Gate , H. Gemmeke , A. Gherghel-Lascu , P. L. Ghia , U. Giaccari , M. Giammarchi , M. Giller , D. Głas , C. Glaser , H. Glass , G. Golup , M. Gómez Berisso , P. F. Gómez Vitale , N. González , B. Gookin , J. Gordon , A. Gorgi , P. Gorham , P. Gouffon , N. Griffith , A. F. Grillo , T. D. Grubb , F. Guarino , G. P. Guedes , M. R. Hampel , P. Hansen , D. Harari , T. A. Harrison , J. L. Harton , Q. Hasankiadeh , A. Haungs , T. Hebbeker , D. Heck , P. Heimann , A. E. Herve , G. C. Hill , C. Hojvat , N. Hollon , E. Holt , P. Homola , J. R. Hörandel , P. Horvath , M. Hrabovský , T. Huege , J. Hulsman , A. Insolia , P. G. Isar , I. Jandt , S. Jansen , C. Jarne , J. A. Johnsen , M. Josebachuili , A. Kääpä , O. Kambeitz , K. H. Kampert , P. Kasper , I. Katkov , B. Keilhauer , E. Kemp , R. M. Kieckhafer , H. O. Klages , M. Kleifges , J. Kleinfeller , R. Krause , N. Krohm , D. Kuempel , G. Kukec Mezek , N. Kunka , A. Kuotb Awad , D. LaHurd , L. Latronico , M. Lauscher , P. Lautridou , P. Lebrun , R. Legumina , M. A. Leigui de Oliveira , A. Letessier-Selvon , I. Lhenry-Yvon , K. Link , L. Lopes , R. López , A. López Casado , A. Lucero , M. Malacari , M. Mallamaci , D. Mandat , P. Mantsch , A. G. Mariazzi , V. Marin , I. C. Mariş , G. Marsella , D. Martello , H. Martinez , O. Martínez Bravo , J. J. Masías Meza , H. J. Mathes , S. Mathys , J. Matthews , J. A. J. Matthews , G. Matthiae , D. Maurizio , E. Mayotte , P. O. Mazur , C. Medina , G. Medina-Tanco , V. B. B. Mello , D. Melo , A. Menshikov , S. Messina , M. I. Micheletti , L. Middendorf , I. A. Minaya , L. Miramonti , B. Mitrica , D. Mockler , L. Molina-Bueno , S. Mollerach , F. Montanet , C. Morello , M. Mostafá , C. A. Moura , G. Müller , M. A. Muller , S. Müller , I. Naranjo , S. Navas , P. Necesal , L. Nellen , A. Nelles , J. Neuser , P. H. Nguyen , M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu , M. Niechciol , L. Niemietz , T. Niggemann , D. Nitz , D. Nosek , V. Novotny , H. Nožka , L. A. Núñez , L. Ochilo , F. Oikonomou , A. Olinto , D. Pakk Selmi-Dei , M. Palatka , J. Pallotta , P. Papenbreer , G. Parente , A. Parra , T. Paul , M. Pech , F. Pedreira , J. Pękala , R. Pelayo , J. Peña-Rodriguez , I. M. Pepe , L. A. S. Pereira , L. Perrone , E. Petermann , C. Peters , S. Petrera , J. Phuntsok , R. Piegaia , T. Pierog , P. Pieroni , M. Pimenta , V. Pirronello , M. Platino , M. Plum , C. Porowski , R. R. Prado , P. Privitera , M. Prouza , E. J. Quel , S. Querchfeld , S. Quinn , J. Rautenberg , O. Ravel , D. Ravignani , B. Revenu , J. Ridky , M. Risse , P. Ristori , V. Rizi , W. Rodrigues de Carvalho , J. Rodriguez Rojo , M. D. Rodríguez-Frías , D. Rogozin , J. Rosado , M. Roth , E. Roulet , A. C. Rovero , S. J. Saffi , A. Saftoiu , H. Salazar , A. Saleh , F. Salesa Greus , G. Salina , J. D. Sanabria Gomez , F. Sánchez , P. Sanchez-Lucas , E. M. Santos , E. Santos , F. Sarazin , B. Sarkar , R. Sarmento , C. Sarmiento-Cano , R. Sato , C. Scarso , M. Schauer , V. Scherini , H. Schieler , D. Schmidt , O. Scholten , H. Schoorlemmer , P. Schovánek , F. G. Schröder , A. Schulz , J. Schulz , J. Schumacher , S. J. Sciutto , A. Segreto , M. Settimo , A. Shadkam , R. C. Shellard , G. Sigl , O. Sima , A. Śmiałkowski , R. Šmída , G. R. Snow , P. Sommers , S. Sonntag , J. Sorokin , R. Squartini , D. Stanca , S. Stanič , J. Stapleton , J. Stasielak , F. Strafella , A. Stutz , F. Suarez , M. Suarez Durán , T. Sudholz , T. Suomijärvi , A. D. Supanitsky , M. S. Sutherland , J. Swain , Z. Szadkowski , O. A. Taborda , A. Tapia , A. Tepe , V. M. Theodoro , C. Timmermans , C. J. Todero Peixoto , L. Tomankova , B. Tomé , A. Tonachini , G. Torralba Elipe , D. Torres Machado , P. Travnicek , M. Trini , R. Ulrich , M. Unger , M. Urban , A. Valbuena-Delgado , J. F. Valdés Galicia , I. Valiño , L. Valore , G. van Aar , P. van Bodegom , A. M. van den Berg , A. van Vliet , E. Varela , B. Vargas Cárdenas , G. Varner , J. R. Vázquez , R. A. Vázquez , D. Veberič , V. Verzi , J. Vicha , M. Videla , L. Villaseñor , S. Vorobiov , H. Wahlberg , O. Wainberg , D. Walz , A. A. Watson , M. Weber , A. Weindl , L. Wiencke , H. Wilczyński , T. Winchen , D. Wittkowski , B. Wundheiler , S. Wykes , L. Yang , T. Yapici , D. Yelos , E. Zas , D. Zavrtanik , M. Zavrtanik , A. Zepeda , B. Zimmermann , M. Ziolkowski , Z. Zong , F. Zuccarello

Performance Studies of Layered Water Cherenkov Detectors

Next-generation air-shower detectors, such as the Global Cosmic Ray Observatory (GCOS) and the Probing Extreme PeVatron Sources (PEPS) experiment, are considering water-Cherenkov detectors as a base design. A key factor in improving the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-27 Pierre Billoir , Benjamin Flaggs , Ioana C. Mariş , Andrea Parenti

The highest energy cosmic rays: the past, the present and the future

The greater part of this paper is concerned with a historical discussion of the development of the search for the origins of the highest-energy cosmic-rays together with a few remarks about future prospects. Additionally, in section 6, the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-06-12 A A Watson

Ultra high energy cosmic rays: the highest energy frontier

Ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the highest energy messengers of the present universe, with energies up to $10^{20}$ eV. Studies of astrophysical particles (nuclei, electrons, neutrinos and photons) at their highest observed…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-06-22 João R. T. de Mello Neto

Possibility of measurement of cosmic ray electron spectrum up to 100 TeV with two-layer water Cherenkov detector array

Measurements of cosmic ray electron+positron spectrum above 10 TeV with ground-based experiments is challenging because of the difficulty of rejection of hadronic extensive air shower background. We study the efficiency of rejection of the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-02-18 A. Neronov , D. Semikoz

Correlation of AOT with Relative Frequency of Air Showers with energy 10^{15} - 10^{16} eV by Yakutsk Data

Long-term series of measurement of spectral transparency of the atmosphere (\lambda = 430 nm) and atmospheric optical thickness (AOT) measured by multimode photometer CE 318 in the region of Yakutsk array are analyzed. Correlation of AOT…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-03-07 S. Knurenko , I. Petrov

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays from Compact Sources

The clustering of ultra high energy (above 10^20 eV) cosmic rays (UHECR) suggests that they might be emitted by compact sources. Statistical analysis of Dubovsky et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 1154) estimated the source density. We…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-12-31 Z. Fodor , S. D. Katz

A minimal width of the arrival direction distribution of ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected with the Yakutsk array

This paper presents the results of searches for anisotropy in arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected with the Yakutsk Array during the 1974--2008 observational period together with available data from other giant…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-13 A. A. Ivanov

Muon production and string percolation effects in cosmic rays at the highest energies

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with energies above ~ 10^18 eV provide an unique window to study hadronic interactions at energies well above those achieved in the largest man-made accelerators. We argue that at those energies string…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2012-10-01 J. Alvarez-Muñiz , L. Cazon , R. Conceição , J. Dias de Deus , C. Pajares , M. Pimenta

Constraints on the spread of nuclear masses in ultra-high-energy cosmic rays based on the Phase I hybrid data from the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present an analysis of the correlation between the depth of the maximum of air-shower profiles and the signal in water-Cherenkov stations in events registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-15 Alexey Yushkov

Isotropy of cosmic rays beyond $10^{20}$ eV favors their heavy mass composition

We report an estimation of the injected mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies higher than 10 EeV. The composition is inferred from an energy-dependent sky distribution of UHECR events observed by the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-04 Telescope Array Collaboration , R. U. Abbasi , Y. Abe , T. Abu-Zayyad , M. Allen , Y. Arai , R. Arimura , E. Barcikowski , J. W. Belz , D. R. Bergman , S. A. Blake , I. Buckland , B. G. Cheon , M. Chikawa , T. Fujii , K. Fujisue , K. Fujita , R. Fujiwara , M. Fukushima , G. Furlich , N. Globus , R. Gonzalez , W. Hanlon , N. Hayashida , H. He , R. Hibi , K. Hibino , R. Higuchi , K. Honda , D. Ikeda , N. Inoue , T. Ishii , H. Ito , D. Ivanov , A. Iwasaki , H. M. Jeong , S. Jeong , C. C. H. Jui , K. Kadota , F. Kakimoto , O. Kalashev , K. Kasahara , S. Kasami , S. Kawakami , K. Kawata , I. Kharuk , E. Kido , H. B. Kim , J. H. Kim , J. H. Kim , S. W. Kim , Y. Kimura , I. Komae , V. Kuzmin , M. Kuznetsov , Y. J. Kwon , K. H. Lee , B. Lubsandorzhiev , J. P. Lundquist , H. Matsumiya , T. Matsuyama , J. N. Matthews , R. Mayta , K. Mizuno , M. Murakami , I. Myers , K. H. Lee , S. Nagataki , K. Nakai , T. Nakamura , E. Nishio , T. Nonaka , H. Oda , S. Ogio , M. Onishi , H. Ohoka , N. Okazaki , Y. Oku , T. Okuda , Y. Omura , M. Ono , A. Oshima , H. Oshima , S. Ozawa , I. H. Park , K. Y. Park , M. Potts , M. S. Pshirkov , J. Remington , D. C. Rodriguez , C. Rott , G. I. Rubtsov , D. Ryu , H. Sagawa , R. Saito , N. Sakaki , T. Sako , N. Sakurai , D. Sato , K. Sato , S. Sato , K. Sekino , P. D. Shah , N. Shibata , T. Shibata , J. Shikita , H. Shimodaira , B. K. Shin , H. S. Shin , D. Shinto , J. D. Smith , P. Sokolsky , B. T. Stokes , T. A. Stroman , Y. Takagi , K. Takahashi , M. Takamura , M. Takeda , R. Takeishi , A. Taketa , M. Takita , Y. Tameda , K. Tanaka , M. Tanaka , Y. Tanoue , S. B. Thomas , G. B. Thomson , P. Tinyakov , I. Tkachev , H. Tokuno , T. Tomida , S. Troitsky , R. Tsuda , Y. Tsunesada , S. Udo , F. Urban , D. Warren , T. Wong , K. Yamazaki , K. Yashiro , F. Yoshida , Y. Zhezher , Z. Zundel

Blazing Cerenkov Flashes at the Horizons by Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos Induced Air-Showers

High Energy Cosmic Rays (C.R.) versus Neutrino and Neutralino induced Air-Shower maybe tested at Horizons by their muons, gamma and Cerenkov blazing signals. Inclined and Horizontal C.R. Showers (70-90 zenith angle) produce secondary…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. Fargion

Measuring the UHE cosmic-ray composition with tracking detectors in air shower arrays

Measuring the angles of muons and electrons in air showers is proposed as a method for studying the primary cosmic-ray mass composition near the knee of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum at a few $10^{15}$ eV. Conventional tracking detectors…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-28 Konrad Bernlöhr

Temporal signatures of the Cherenkov light induced by extensive air showers of cosmic rays detected with the Yakutsk array

We analyze temporal characteristics of signals from the wide field-of-view (WFOV) Cherenkov telescope (CT) detecting extensive air showers (EAS) of cosmic rays (CR) in coincidence with surface detectors of the Yakutsk array. Our aim is to…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-05-24 A. A. Ivanov , L. V. Timofeev

Analysis of the Arrival Directions of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays

The arrival directions of ultrahigh energy extensive air showers (EAS) by Yakutsk, AGASA and SUGAR array data are considered. For the first time, the maps of equal exposition of celestial sphere for the distribution of particles by AGASA…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-11-09 A. A. Mikhailov

Yakutsk array radio emission registration results in the energy range of 3*10^16-5*10^18 eV

This paper presents the set of measurements of ultra-high energy air shower radio emission at frequency 32 MHz in period of 2008-2012. The showers are selected by geomagnetic and azimuth angles and then by the energy in three intervals:…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-11-25 I. Petrov , S. Knurenko , Z. Petrov , V. Kozlov , M. Pravdin