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Core accretion is the standard scenario of planet formation, wherein planets are formed by sequential accretion of gas and solids, and is widely used to interpret exoplanet observations. However, no direct probes of the scenario have been…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-11 Yasuhiro Hasegawa , Mark R. Swain

Transit and radial velocity surveys have deeply explored the population of extrasolar giant planets, with hundreds of objects detected to date. All these detections allow to understand their physical properties and to constrain their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-05 Alexandre Santerne

The presence of certain elements within a star, and by extension its planet, strongly impacts the formation and evolution of the planetary system. The positive correlation between a host star's iron-content and the presence of an orbiting…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-31 Natalie R. Hinkel , Cayman Unterborn , Stephen R. Kane , Garrett Somers , Richard Galvez

We present a comprehensive theory of the spectra and atmospheres of irradiated extrasolar giant planets. We explore the dependences on stellar type, orbital distance, cloud characteristics, planet mass, and surface gravity. Phase-averaged…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 David Sudarsky , Adam Burrows , Ivan Hubeny

Direct imaging has confirmed the existence of substellar companions on wide orbits. To understand the formation and evolution mechanisms of these companions, the full population properties must be characterized. We aim at detecting giant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 J. Rameau , G. Chauvin , A. -M. Lagrange , H. Klahr , M. Bonnefoy , C. Mordasini , M. Bonavita , S. Desidera , C. Dumas , J. H. Girard

Priorities in exo-planet research are rapidly moving from finding planets to characterizing their physical properties. Of key importance is their chemical composition, which feeds back into our understanding of planet formation. For the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Boris Gaensicke , John Debes , Patrick Dufour , Jay Farihi , Michael Jura , Mukremin Kilic , Carl Melis , Dimitri Veras , Siyi Xu , Ben Zuckerman

Population studies of exoplanets are key to unlocking their statistical properties. So far the inferred properties have been mostly limited to planetary, orbital and stellar parameters extracted from, e.g., Kepler, radial velocity, and GAIA…

The rate at which giant planets accumulate solids and gas is a critical component of planet formation models, yet it is extremely challenging to predict from first principles. Characterizing the heavy element (everything other than hydrogen…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-14 Yayaati Chachan , Jonathan J. Fortney , Kazumasa Ohno , Daniel Thorngren , Ruth Murray-Clay

Analysis of the statistical properties of exoplanets, together with those of their host stars, are providing a unique view into the process of planet formation and evolution. In this paper we explore the properties of the mass distribution…

Static structure models, which map mass-radius constraints to bulk planet composition, are frequently used to categorise exoplanets due to their computational efficiency and the high-level insight they offer into planetary properties.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-20 Harrison Nicholls , Oliver Shorttle , Tim Lichtenberg , Flavia Pascal

Atmospheres regulate the planetary heat loss and therefore influence planetary thermal evolution. Uncertainty in a giant planet's thermal state contributes to the uncertainty in the inferred abundance of heavy elements it contains. Within…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-10 Anna Julia Poser , Nadine Nettelmann , Ronald Redmer

We review some of the characteristics of irradiated extrasolar giant planets (EGPs), in anticipation of their direct detection from the ground and from space. Spectral measurements are the key to unlocking their structural and atmospheric…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Adam Burrows , David Sudarsky

Most detected transiting planets have orbits which would fit within the one of Mercury, exposing them to intense stellar irradiation and interactions that significantly alter their properties. In contrast, colder planets with longer orbital…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-13 Solène Ulmer-Moll , Babatunde Akinsanmi , Simon Müller

Cool gas giant exoplanets, particularly those with properties similar to those of Jupiter and Saturn, remain poorly characterized due to current observational limitations. This white paper outlines the transformative science case for the…

We review several aspects of the calculation of exoplanet model atmospheres in the current era, with a focus on understanding the temperature-pressure profiles of atmospheres and their emitted spectra. Most of the focus is on gas giant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-24 Jonathan J. Fortney

The best-characterized exoplanets to date are planets on close-in transiting orbits around their host stars. The high level of irradiation and transiting geometry of these objects make them ideal targets for atmospheric investigations.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-25 Diana Dragomir , Eliza Kempton , Jacob Bean , Ian Crossfield , Eric Gaidos , Nikole Lewis , Michael Line , Roxana Lupu , George Zhou

The wealth of observational data about Jupiter and Saturn provides strong constraints to guide our understanding of the formation of giant planets. The size of the core and the total amount of heavy elements in the envelope have been…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Yann Alibert , Olivier Mousis , Christoph Mordasini , Willy Benz

The large eccentricities of many giant extrasolar planets may represent the endpoint of gravitational scattering in initially more crowded systems. If so, the early evolution of the giant planets is likely to be more restrictive of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Dimitri Veras , Philip J. Armitage

We present updated atmospheric tables suitable for calculating the post-formation evolution and cooling of Jupiter and Jupiter-like exoplanets. These tables are generated using a 1D radiative transfer modeling code that incorporates the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-06 Yi-Xian Chen , Adam Burrows , Ankan Sur , Roberto Tejada Arevalo