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Natural language inference (NLI) requires models to learn and apply commonsense knowledge. These reasoning abilities are particularly important for explainable NLI systems that generate a natural language explanation in addition to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Hendrik Schuff , Hsiu-Yu Yang , Heike Adel , Ngoc Thang Vu

In the recent past, a popular way of evaluating natural language understanding (NLU), was to consider a model's ability to perform natural language inference (NLI) tasks. In this paper, we investigate if NLI tasks, that are rarely used for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Lovish Madaan , David Esiobu , Pontus Stenetorp , Barbara Plank , Dieuwke Hupkes

We present a large-scale collection of diverse natural language inference (NLI) datasets that help provide insight into how well a sentence representation captures distinct types of reasoning. The collection results from recasting 13…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Adam Poliak , Aparajita Haldar , Rachel Rudinger , J. Edward Hu , Ellie Pavlick , Aaron Steven White , Benjamin Van Durme

Natural language inference (NLI) aims at predicting the relationship between a given pair of premise and hypothesis. However, several works have found that there widely exists a bias pattern called annotation artifacts in NLI datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Guanhua Zhang , Bing Bai , Junqi Zhang , Kun Bai , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao

Despite the tremendous recent progress on natural language inference (NLI), driven largely by large-scale investment in new datasets (e.g., SNLI, MNLI) and advances in modeling, most progress has been limited to English due to a lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Hai Hu , Kyle Richardson , Liang Xu , Lu Li , Sandra Kuebler , Lawrence S. Moss

Recently generating natural language explanations has shown very promising results in not only offering interpretable explanations but also providing additional information and supervision for prediction. However, existing approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Wangchunshu Zhou , Jinyi Hu , Hanlin Zhang , Xiaodan Liang , Maosong Sun , Chenyan Xiong , Jian Tang

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks involve subjectivity, ambiguity, or legitimate disagreement between annotators. In this paper, we outline our system for modeling human variation. Our system leverages language models' (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Taylor Sorensen , Yejin Choi

With the rapid advancement and strong generalization capabilities of large language models (LLMs), they have been increasingly incorporated into the active learning pipelines as annotators to reduce annotation costs. However, considering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yuanyuan Qi , Xiaohao Yang , Jueqing Lu , Guoxiang Guo , Joanne Enticott , Gang Liu , Lan Du

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful support tools across various natural language tasks and a range of application domains. Recent studies focus on exploring their capabilities for data annotation. This paper provides a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Maja Pavlovic , Massimo Poesio

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

Reviewing contracts is a time-consuming procedure that incurs large expenses to companies and social inequality to those who cannot afford it. In this work, we propose "document-level natural language inference (NLI) for contracts", a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Yuta Koreeda , Christopher D. Manning

When annotators disagree on a label, the disagreement itself carries signal -- and the number of annotators needed to capture it depends on the evaluation metric. We fine-tune NLI models on label distributions subsampled from ChaosNLI, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Guneet Kohli

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

Figurative language understanding has been recently framed as a recognizing textual entailment (RTE) task (a.k.a. natural language inference, or NLI). However, similar to classical RTE/NLI datasets, the current benchmarks suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Tuhin Chakrabarty , Arkadiy Saakyan , Debanjan Ghosh , Smaranda Muresan

An emerging line of research in Explainable NLP is the creation of datasets enriched with human-annotated explanations and rationales, used to build and evaluate models with step-wise inference and explanation generation capabilities. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Marco Valentino , Ian Pratt-Hartmann , André Freitas

As AI becomes more integral in our lives, the need for transparency and responsibility grows. While natural language explanations (NLEs) are vital for clarifying the reasoning behind AI decisions, evaluating them through human judgments is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Fan Huang , Haewoon Kwak , Kunwoo Park , Jisun An

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev

Conversational data is essential in psychology because it can help researchers understand individuals cognitive processes, emotions, and behaviors. Utterance labelling is a common strategy for analyzing this type of data. The development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Maria Laricheva , Chiyu Zhang , Yan Liu , Guanyu Chen , Terence Tracey , Richard Young , Giuseppe Carenini

We test whether NLP datasets created with Large Language Models (LLMs) contain annotation artifacts and social biases like NLP datasets elicited from crowd-source workers. We recreate a portion of the Stanford Natural Language Inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Grace Proebsting , Adam Poliak

We examine diverging preferences in human-labeled preference datasets. We develop a taxonomy of disagreement sources spanning ten categories across four high-level classes and find that the majority of disagreements are due to factors such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Michael JQ Zhang , Zhilin Wang , Jena D. Hwang , Yi Dong , Olivier Delalleau , Yejin Choi , Eunsol Choi , Xiang Ren , Valentina Pyatkin