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The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect on May 25, 2018. Its privacy regulations apply to any service and company collecting or processing personal data in Europe. Many companies had to adjust their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Martin Degeling , Christine Utz , Christopher Lentzsch , Henry Hosseini , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz

The application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has significantly affected privacy requirements elicitation, modelling, and verification in Software Engineering (SE). One of the affected areas is requirements visualisation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Evangelia Vanezi , Georgia M. Kapitsaki , Anna Philippou

In Europe and indeed worldwide, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides protection to individuals regarding their personal data in the face of new technological developments. GDPR is widely viewed as the benchmark for data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Damiano Torre , Mauricio Alferez , Ghanem Soltana , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Lionel Briand

In our data-centric world, most services rely on collecting and using personal data. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to enhance individuals' control over their data, but its practical impact is not well understood.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Alex Bowyer , Jack Holt , Josephine Go Jefferies , Rob Wilson , David Kirk , Jan David Smeddinck

Recent regulations, such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), put stringent constraints on the handling of personal data. Privacy, like security, is a non-functional property, yet most software design tools are focused…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Hanaa Alshareef , Sandro Stucki , Gerardo Schneider

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires an organisation that suffers a data breach to notify the competent Data Protection Authority. The organisation must also inform the relevant individuals, when a data breach threatens…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , Hadi Asghari , Noël Bangma , Jaap-Henk Hoepman

After one year since the entry into force of the GDPR, all web sites and data controllers have updated their procedures to store users' data. The GDPR does not only cover how and what data should be saved by the service providers, but it…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Luca Bufalieri , Massimo La Morgia , Alessandro Mei , Julinda Stefa

Third-party tracking, the collection and sharing of behavioural data about individuals, is a significant and ubiquitous privacy threat in mobile apps. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to protect…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Ulrik Lyngs , Jun Zhao , Claudine Tinsman , Nigel Shadbolt

Big data has become a great asset for many organizations, promising improved operations and new business opportunities. However, big data has increased access to sensitive information that when processed can directly jeopardize the privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Nils Gruschka , Vasileios Mavroeidis , Kamer Vishi , Meiko Jensen

Data privacy legislation, such as GDPR and CCPA/CPRA, has rendered data privacy law compliance a requirement of all software systems. Developers need to implement various kinds of functionalities to cover law needs, including user rights…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ioanna Theophilou , Georgia M. Kapitsaki

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force in 2018. After this enforcement, many fines have already been imposed by national data protection authorities in Europe. This paper examines the individual GDPR articles…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Jukka Ruohonen , Kalle Hjerppe

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) remains the gold standard in privacy and security regulation. We investigate how the cost and effort required to implement GDPR is viewed by workers who have also experienced the regulations'…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Gerard Buckley , Tristan Caulfield , Ingolf Becker

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is considered as the benchmark in the European Union (EU) for privacy and data protection standards. Since before its entry into force in 2018, substantial research has been conducted in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Orlando Amaral Cejas , Nicolas Sannier , Sallam Abualhaija , Marcello Ceci , Domenico Bianculli

A core requirement for GDPR compliance is the maintenance of a register of processing activities (ROPA). Our analysis of six ROPA templates from EU data protection regulators shows the scope and granularity of a ROPA is subject to widely…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Paul Ryan , Harshvardhan J. Pandit , Rob Brennan

Since GDPR came into force in May 2018, companies have worked on their data practices to comply with this privacy law. In particular, since the privacy policy is the essential communication channel for users to understand and control their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Tamjid Al Rahat , Tu Le , Yuan Tian

Since GDPR went into effect in 2018, many other data protection and privacy regulations have been released. With the new regulation, there has been an associated increase in industry professionals focused on data protection and privacy.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Thomas Şerban von Davier , Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Nigel Shadbolt

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides new rights and protections to European people concerning their personal data. We analyze GDPR from a systems perspective, translating its legal articles into a set of capabilities and…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Supreeth Shastri , Vinay Banakar , Melissa Wasserman , Arun Kumar , Vijay Chidambaram

This paper introduces the strategic approach to regulating personal data and the normative foundations of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ('GDPR'). We explain the genesis of the GDPR, which is best understood as an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Chris Jay Hoofnagle , Bart van der Sloot , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Conceptions of privacy differ by culture. In the Internet age, digital tools continuously challenge the way users, technologists, and governments define, value, and protect privacy. National and supranational entities attempt to regulate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Mary Sanford , Taha Yasseri

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union is the most famous recently enacted privacy regulation. Despite of the regulation's legal, political, and technological ramifications, relatively little research has been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Kalle Hjerppe , Jukka Ruohonen , Ville Leppänen