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This paper presents a study of the Koopman operator theory and its application to optimal control of a multi-robot system. The Koopman operator, while operating on a set of observation functions of the state vector of a nonlinear system,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-09 Gang Tao , Qianhong Zhao

The Koopman operator has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems as it provides coordinate transformations to globally linearize the dynamics. While recent deep learning approaches have been useful in…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Shaowu Pan , Karthik Duraisamy

We provide a framework for learning of dynamical systems rooted in the concept of representations and Koopman operators. The interplay between the two leads to the full description of systems that can be represented linearly in a finite…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-10-13 Igor Mezic

Transfer and Koopman operator methods offer a framework for representing complex, nonlinear dynamical systems via linear transformations, enabling a deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics. The spectra of these operators provide…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-25 Gary Froyland , Kevin Kühl

Any deterministic autonomous dynamical system may be globally linearized by its' Koopman operator. This object is typically infinite-dimensional and can be approximated by the so-called Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). In DMD, the central…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-12-14 Gowtham S Seenivasaharagavan , Milan Korda , Hassan Arbabi , Igor Mezić

Nonlinear differential equations are encountered as models of fluid flow, spiking neurons, and many other systems of interest in the real world. Common features of these systems are that their behaviors are difficult to describe exactly and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-17 Zexin Sun , Mingyu Chen , John Baillieul

The Koopman operator provides a linear framework to study nonlinear dynamical systems. Its spectra offer valuable insights into system dynamics, but the operator can exhibit both discrete and continuous spectra, complicating direct…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-05-02 Jonghyeon Lee , Boumediene Hamzi , Boya Hou , Houman Owhadi , Gabriele Santin , Umesh Vaidya

When complex systems with nonlinear dynamics achieve an output performance objective, only a fraction of the state dynamics significantly impacts that output. Those minimal state dynamics can be identified using the differential geometric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-19 Shara Balakrishnan , Aqib Hasnain , Robert Egbert , Enoch Yeung

Research on Koopman operator theory has focused on three key areas for several decades: the mathematical structure of the Koopman eigenfunction space, the basis of this space, and the ability to represent nonlinear dynamics as linear. This…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Ido Cohen , Eli Appleboim

The Koopman operator induced by a dynamical system is inherently linear and provides an alternate method of studying many properties of the system, including attractor reconstruction and forecasting. Koopman eigenfunctions represent the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-11-26 Suddhasattwa Das , Dimitrios Giannakis

Nonlinear coupled systems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. The analysis and modeling of such systems is challenging due to their high dimensionality and complex interactions among subsystems. In recent years, operator-theoretic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tatsuya Naoi , Jun Ohkubo

The Koopman operator is a linear but infinite dimensional operator that governs the evolution of scalar observables defined on the state space of an autonomous dynamical system, and is a powerful tool for the analysis and decomposition of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-07-28 Matthew O. Williams , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Clarence W. Rowley

Nonlinear dynamical systems are ubiquitous in science and engineering, yet analysis and prediction of these systems remains a challenge. Koopman operator theory circumvents some of these issues by considering the dynamics in the space of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-17 Mason Kamb , Eurika Kaiser , Steven L. Brunton , J. Nathan Kutz

In this paper, we develop the Koopman operator theory for dynamical systems with symmetry. In particular, we investigate how the Koopman operator and eigenfunctions behave under the action of the symmetry group of the underlying dynamical…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-03-11 Subhrajit Sinha , Sai P. Nandanoori , Enoch Yeung

Koopman operator theory offers a rigorous treatment of dynamics and has been emerging as an alternative modeling and learning-based control method across various robotics sub-domains. Due to its ability to represent nonlinear dynamics as a…

Matching dynamical systems, through different forms of conjugacies and equivalences, has long been a fundamental concept, and a powerful tool, in the study and classification of nonlinear dynamic behavior (e.g. through normal forms). In…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-03-08 Erik M. Bollt , Qianxiao Li , Felix Dietrich , Ioannis Kevrekidis

The Koopman operator provides a principled framework for analyzing nonlinear dynamical systems through linear operator theory. Recent advances in dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) have shown that trajectory data can be used to identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Minchan Jeong , J. Jon Ryu , Se-Young Yun , Gregory W. Wornell

We provide an overview of the Koopman operator analysis for a class of partial differential equations describing relaxation of the field variable to a stable stationary state. We introduce Koopman eigenfunctionals of the system and use the…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2021-06-04 Hiroya Nakao , Igor Mezić

The Koopman operator has entered and transformed many research areas over the last years. Although the underlying concept$\unicode{x2013}$representing highly nonlinear dynamical systems by infinite-dimensional linear…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-12-17 Stefan Klus , Nataša Djurdjevac Conrad

Koopman operators and transfer operators represent nonlinear dynamics in state space through its induced action on linear spaces of observables and measures, respectively. This framework enables the use of linear operator theory for…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Claire Valva , Dimitrios Giannakis