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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most widely studied quantum cryptographic model that exploits quantum effects to achieve information-theoretically secure key establishment. Conventional QKD contains public classical post-processing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Zixuan Hu , Zhenyu Li

Phase randomization is an important assumption made in many security proofs of practical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. Here, we present the first experimental demonstration of QKD with reliable active phase randomization. One key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yi Zhao , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo

The fabrication of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems typically involves several parties, thus providing Eve with multiple opportunities to meddle with the devices. As a consequence, conventional hardware and/or software hacking attacks…

We propose and demonstrate a fully passive discrete-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), which can eliminate all modulator side channels on the source side, using a local local oscillator (LLO). The CV-QKD system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Yu Zhang , Xuyang Wang , Chenyang Li , Jie Yun , Qiang Zeng , Zhiliang Yuan , Zhenguo Lu , Yongmin Li

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secret key exchange between two users with unconditional security. For QKD to be widely deployed, low cost and compactness are crucial requirements alongside high performance. Currently, the majority of…

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), leaving the detection procedure to the third partner and thus being immune to all detector side-channel attacks, is very promising for the construction of high-security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-02 Xiang-Chun Ma , Shi-Hai Sun , Mu-Sheng Jiang , Ming Gui , Lin-Mei Liang

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for quantum secure communication with the benefit of being close to existing classical coherent communication. In recent years, CV QKD protocols using a discrete number of…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides secure keys resistant to code-breaking quantum computers. As headed towards commercial application, it is crucial to guarantee the practical security of QKD systems. However, the difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-14 Zhengyu Li , Yi-Chen Zhang , Hong Guo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security in principle. Many QKD protocols have been proposed and demonstrated to ensure secure communication between two authenticated users. Continuous variable (CV) QKD offers many…

Twin-Field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) and its variants, e.g. Phase-Matching QKD, Sending-or-not-sending QKD, and No Phase Post-Selection TFQKD promise high key rates at long distance to beat the rate distance limit without a…

We present a discretely modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution system in free space by using strong coherent states. The amplitude noise in the laser source is suppressed to the shot-noise limit by using a mode cleaner…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Yong Shen , Hongxin Zou , Liang Tian , Pingxing Chen , Jianmin Yuan

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) with discrete modulation has attracted increasing attention due to its experimental simplicity, lower-cost implementation and compatibility with classical optical communication.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-27 Zhi-Ping Liu , Min-Gang Zhou , Wen-Bo Liu , Chen-Long Li , Jie Gu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that allows secure key exchange between two distant users. A widespread adoption of QKD requires the development of simple, low-cost, and stable systems. However, implementation of the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-12 Di Ma , Xin Liu , Chunfeng Huang , Huasheng Chen , Huanbin Lin , Kejin Wei

Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) is a potential protocol that is not only immune to all possible detector side channel attacks, but also breaks the repeaterless rate-transmittance bound without needing global phase locking.…

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI QKD) significantly alleviates alignment requirements for reference frame in practical quantum communication systems. While the original protocol requires Alice to prepare six quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Jia-Wei Ying , Shi-Pu Gu , Xing-Fu Wang , Lan Zhou , Yu-Bo Sheng

The ultimate aim of quantum key distribution (QKD) is improving the performance of transmission distance and key generation speed. Unfortunately, it is believed to be limited by the secret-key capacity of quantum channel without quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-22 Hua-Lei Yin , Yao Fu

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

We present an implementation of the time-frequency (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol realized mainly with standard telecommunication components at 1550 nm. TF-QKD is implemented with modulations in time and frequency, namely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Jasper Rödiger , Nicolas Perlot , Oliver Benson , Ronald Freund

Mobile devices have become an inseparable part of our everyday life. They are used to transmit an ever-increasing amount of sensitive health, financial and personal information. This exposes us to the growing scale and sophistication of…

We present a passive approach to the security analysis of quantum key distribution (QKD) with an untrusted source. A complete proof of its unconditional security is also presented. This scheme has significant advantages in real-life…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Yi Zhao , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Li Qian