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Public blockchains implement a fee mechanism to allocate scarce computational resources across competing transactions. Most existing fee market designs utilize a joint, fungible unit of account (e.g., gas in Ethereum) to price otherwise…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-11-04 Theo Diamandis , Alex Evans , Tarun Chitra , Guillermo Angeris

We study the economics of the Ethereum improvement proposal 4844 and its effect on rollups' data posting strategies. Rollups' cost consists of two parts: data posting and delay. In the new proposal, the data posting cost corresponds to a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Davide Crapis , Edward W. Felten , Akaki Mamageishvili

We argue that the technical foundations of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) remain inadequately understood. Prior research has focused on market dynamics, user behavior, and isolated security incidents, yet systematic analysis of the standards…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Minfeng Qi , Qin Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Ruiqiang Li , Victor Zhou , Shiping Chen

Transaction fee plays an important role in determining the priority of transaction processing in public blockchain systems. Owing to the observability of unconfirmed transactions, a strategic user can postpone his transaction broadcasting…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Qianlan Bai , Yuedong Xu , Zhijian Zhou , Xin Wang

In the Bitcoin system, transaction fees serve as an incentive for blockchain confirmations. In general, a transaction with a higher fee is likely to be included in the next block mined, whereas a transaction with a smaller fee or no fee may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Limeng Zhang , Rui Zhou , Qing Liu , Chengfei Liu , M. Ali Babar

The gas mechanism in Ethereum charges the execution of every operation to ensure that smart contracts running in EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) will be eventually terminated. Failing to properly set the gas costs of EVM operations allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Ting Chen , Xiaoqi Li , Ying Wang , Jiachi Chen , Zihao Li , Xiapu Luo , Man Ho Au , Xiaosong Zhang

In proof-of-work based blockchains such as Ethereum, verification of blocks is an integral part of establishing consensus across nodes. However, in Ethereum, miners do not receive a reward for verifying. This implies that miners face the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Maher Alharby , Roben Castagna Lunardi , Amjad Aldweesh , Aad van Moorsel

Many of today's crypto currencies use blockchains as decentralized ledgers and secure them with proof of work. In case of a fork of the chain, Bitcoin's rule for achieving consensus is selecting the longest chain and discarding the other…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Fabian Ritz , Alf Zugenmaier

Two MEV builders now produce nearly 80\% of Ethereum blocks. Block builders have the ability to reorder transactions on the blockchain in a way that can be harmful to participants. We estimate they would pay in the aggregate nearly \$14…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-20 Bruce Mizrach , Nathaniel Yoshida

Ethereum's transaction pool (mempool) dynamics and fee market efficiency critically affect transaction inclusion, validator workload, and overall network performance. This research empirically analyzes gas price variations, mempool…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 S M Mostaq Hossain , Amani Altarawneh

In this work, we reexamine the vulnerability of Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) to bribing attacks, where an adversary incentivizes blockchain miners to deliberately ignore a specific transaction to undermine the punishment mechanism of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Zeta Avarikioti , Paweł Kędzior , Tomasz Lizurej , Tomasz Michalak

Cryptocurrency miners have great latitude in deciding which transactions they accept, including their own, and the order in which they accept them. Ethereum miners in particular use this flexibility to collect MEV-Miner Extractable Value-by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Julien Piet , Jaiden Fairoze , Nicholas Weaver

Abrupt changes in the miner hash rate applied to a proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain can adversely affect user experience and security. Because different PoW blockchains often share hashing algorithms, miners face a complex choice in deciding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-20 George Bissias , Brian N. Levine , David Thibodeau

The incentive-compatibility properties of blockchain transaction fee mechanisms have been investigated with *passive* block producers that are motivated purely by the net rewards earned at the consensus layer. This paper introduces a model…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Maryam Bahrani , Pranav Garimidi , Tim Roughgarden

The advent of Ethereum 2.0 has introduced significant changes, particularly the shift to Proof-of-Stake consensus. This change presents new opportunities and challenges for arbitrage. Amidst these changes, we introduce BriDe Arbitrager, a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Hulin Yang , Mingzhe Li , Jin Zhang , Alia Asheralieva , Qingsong Wei , Siow Mong Rick Goh

Blockchains deploy Transaction Fee Mechanisms (TFMs) to determine which user transactions to include in blocks and determine their payments (i.e., transaction fees). Increasing demand and scarce block resources have led to high user…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Sankarshan Damle , Manisha Padala , Sujit Gujar

Bitcoin mining presents a significant economic incentive for efficient hashing and broadcast of data, both parameters stemming from the Proofs of Work used to advance the network. This incentive has led to the development of Bitcoin…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Jonathan Harvey-Buschel , Can Kisagun

In PCNs, nodes that forward payments between a source and a receiver are paid a small fee if the payment is successful. The fee is a compensation for temporarily committing funds to the payment. However, payments may fail due to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Satwik Prabhu Kumble , Dick Epema , Stefanie Roos

Modern public blockchains like Ethereum rely on p2p networks to run distributed and censorship-resistant applications. With its wide adoption, it operates as a highly critical public ledger. On its transition to become more scalable and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Mikel Cortes-Goicoechea , Tarun Mohandas-Daryanani , Jose Luis Munoz-Tapia , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

Ethereum is one of the most popular blockchain systems that supports more than half a million transactions every day and fosters miscellaneous decentralized applications with its Turing-complete smart contract machine. Whereas it remains…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Qianlan Bai , Chao Zhang , Yuedong Xu , Xiaowei Chen , Xin Wang