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Similar case retrieval (SCR) is a representative legal AI application that plays a pivotal role in promoting judicial fairness. However, existing SCR datasets only focus on the fact description section when judging the similarity between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Qingquan Li , Yiran Hu , Feng Yao , Chaojun Xiao , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Weixing Shen

This paper proposes a structure-aware decoding method based on large language models to address the difficulty of traditional approaches in maintaining both semantic integrity and structural consistency in nested and overlapping entity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zhimin Qiu , Di Wu , Feng Liu , Yuxiao Wang

Retrieval approaches that score documents based on learned dense vectors (i.e., dense retrieval) rather than lexical signals (i.e., conventional retrieval) are increasingly popular. Their ability to identify related documents that do not…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Hrishikesh Kulkarni , Sean MacAvaney , Nazli Goharian , Ophir Frieder

Autoregressive Language Models instantiate a factorized likelihood over token sequences, yet their strictly sequential decoding process imposes an intrinsic lower bound on inference latency. This bottleneck has emerged as a central obstacle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Maxim Divilkovskiy , Vitaly Malygin , Sergey Zlobin , Stanislav Ilyushin , Sultan Isali , Vasily Kalugin , Nuriza Aitassova , Fei Yi , Weidi Zeng

In today's legal environment, lawsuits and regulatory investigations require companies to embark upon increasingly intensive data-focused engagements to identify, collect and analyze large quantities of data. When documents are staged for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Rishi Chhatwal , Peter Gronvall , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Robert Keeling , Jianping Zhang , Haozhen Zhao

Legal artificial intelligence (LegalAI) aims to benefit legal systems with the technology of artificial intelligence, especially natural language processing (NLP). Recently, inspired by the success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Chaojun Xiao , Xueyu Hu , Zhiyuan Liu , Cunchao Tu , Maosong Sun

Legal case retrieval plays an important role for legal practitioners to effectively retrieve relevant cases given a query case. Most existing neural legal case retrieval models directly encode the whole legal text of a case to generate a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Yanran Tang , Ruihong Qiu , Xue Li

Language models have been applied to various software development tasks, but the performance varies according to the scale of the models. Large Language Models (LLMs) outperform Small Language Models (SLMs) in complex tasks like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Zexiong Ma , Shengnan An , Zeqi Lin , Yanzhen Zou , Bing Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) could struggle to fully understand legal theories and perform complex legal reasoning tasks. In this study, we introduce a challenging task (confusing charge prediction) to better evaluate LLMs' understanding of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Weikang Yuan , Junjie Cao , Zhuoren Jiang , Yangyang Kang , Jun Lin , Kaisong Song , tianqianjin lin , Pengwei Yan , Changlong Sun , Xiaozhong Liu

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to form legal judgments based on the criminal fact description. However, researchers struggle to classify confusing criminal cases, such as robbery and theft, which requires LJP models to distinguish the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Pengjie Liu , Wang Zhang , Yulong Ding , Xuefeng Zhang , Shuang-Hua Yang

Large language models (LMs) are currently trained to predict tokens given document prefixes, enabling them to directly perform long-form generation and prompting-style tasks which can be reduced to document completion. Existing pretraining…

With the increasing accessibility and utilization of multilingual documents, Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval (CLIR) has emerged as an important research area. Conventionally, CLIR tasks have been conducted under settings where the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Seongtae Hong , Youngjoon Jang , Jungseob Lee , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across numerous domains, yet they experience notable deficiencies in legal question-answering tasks. LLMs often generate generalized responses that lack the logical specificity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Rujing Yao , Yang Wu , Chenghao Wang , Jingwei Xiong , Fang Wang , Xiaozhong Liu

Given a specific query case, legal case retrieval systems aim to retrieve a set of case documents relevant to the case at hand. Previous studies on user behavior analysis have shown that information retrieval (IR) systems can significantly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Beining Wang , Ruizhe Zhang , Yueyue Wu , Qingyao Ai , Min Zhang , Yiqun Liu

Language model pre-training has been shown to capture a surprising amount of world knowledge, crucial for NLP tasks such as question answering. However, this knowledge is stored implicitly in the parameters of a neural network, requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Kelvin Guu , Kenton Lee , Zora Tung , Panupong Pasupat , Ming-Wei Chang

Protecting privileged communications and data from disclosure is paramount for legal teams. Unrestricted legal advice, such as attorney-client communications or litigation strategy. are vital to the legal process and are exempt from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Peter Gronvall , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Jianping Zhang , Robert Keeling , Robert Neary , Haozhen Zhao

Document Information Extraction (DIE) aims to extract structured information from Visually Rich Documents (VRDs). Previous full-training approaches have demonstrated strong performance but may struggle with generalization to unseen data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jinyu Zhang , Zhiyuan You , Jize Wang , Xinyi Le

Complex question-answering (QA) systems face significant challenges in retrieving and reasoning over information that addresses multi-faceted queries. While large language models (LLMs) have advanced the reasoning capabilities of these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-25 V Venktesh , Mandeep Rathee , Avishek Anand

Active Learning (AL) is a powerful tool for learning with less labeled data, in particular, for specialized domains, like legal documents, where unlabeled data is abundant, but the annotation requires domain expertise and is thus expensive.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Sepideh Mamooler , Rémi Lebret , Stéphane Massonnet , Karl Aberer

Legal documents are unstructured, use legal jargon, and have considerable length, making them difficult to process automatically via conventional text processing techniques. A legal document processing system would benefit substantially if…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Vijit Malik , Rishabh Sanjay , Shouvik Kumar Guha , Angshuman Hazarika , Shubham Nigam , Arnab Bhattacharya , Ashutosh Modi