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The Adam optimizer is a popular choice in contemporary deep learning, due to its strong empirical performance. However we observe that in privacy sensitive scenarios, the traditional use of Differential Privacy (DP) with the Adam optimizer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Qiaoyue Tang , Frederick Shpilevskiy , Mathias Lécuyer

Here I present a small update to the bias-correction term in the Adam optimizer that has the advantage of making smaller gradient updates in the first several steps of training. With the default bias-correction, Adam may actually make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 John St John

Adaptive gradient optimization methods, such as Adam, are prevalent in training deep neural networks across diverse machine learning tasks due to their ability to achieve faster convergence. However, these methods often suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Abulikemu Abuduweili , Changliu Liu

The spherical noise added to gradients in differentially private (DP) training undermines the performance of adaptive optimizers like AdaGrad and Adam, and hence many recent works have proposed algorithms to address this challenge. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Arun Ganesh , Brendan McMahan , Abhradeep Thakurta

The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto

Adaptive gradient methods, e.g. \textsc{Adam}, have achieved tremendous success in machine learning. Scaling the learning rate element-wisely by a certain form of second moment estimate of gradients, such methods are able to attain rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yizhou Wang , Yue Kang , Can Qin , Huan Wang , Yi Xu , Yulun Zhang , Yun Fu

Since the 21st century, artificial intelligence has been leading a new round of industrial revolution. Under the training framework, the optimization algorithm aims to stably converge high-dimensional optimization to local and even global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Meng Zhu , Quan Xiao , Weidong Min

Adam is a widely used stochastic optimization method for deep learning applications. While practitioners prefer Adam because it requires less parameter tuning, its use is problematic from a theoretical point of view since it may not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Mingrui Liu , Wei Zhang , Francesco Orabona , Tianbao Yang

The ADAM optimizer is exceedingly popular in the deep learning community. Often it works very well, sometimes it doesn't. Why? We interpret ADAM as a combination of two aspects: for each weight, the update direction is determined by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Lukas Balles , Philipp Hennig

Many adaptive optimization methods have been proposed and used in deep learning, in which Adam is regarded as the default algorithm and widely used in many deep learning frameworks. Recently, many variants of Adam, such as Adabound, RAdam…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Wei Yuan , Kai-Xin Gao

Differentially private (DP) training protects individual examples by adding noise to gradients, but the injected noise interacts nontrivially with adaptive optimizers. Recent DP methods temporally filter privatized gradients to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Duc Dm , Thao Do , Minh Son Hoang , Anh Le Duc Tran , Daeyoung Kim , Huy Nguyen

Adam is the go-to optimizer for training modern machine learning models, but it requires additional memory to maintain the moving averages of the gradients and their squares. While various low-memory optimizers have been proposed that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dayal Singh Kalra , John Kirchenbauer , Maissam Barkeshli , Tom Goldstein

Modern recommendation systems frequently employ online learning to dynamically update their models with freshly collected data. The most commonly used optimizer for updating neural networks in these contexts is the Adam optimizer, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Shaowen Wang , Anan Liu , Jian Xiao , Huan Liu , Yuekui Yang , Cong Xu , Qianqian Pu , Suncong Zheng , Wei Zhang , Di Wang , Jie Jiang , Jian Li

Normalization techniques are a boon for modern deep learning. They let weights converge more quickly with often better generalization performances. It has been argued that the normalization-induced scale invariance among the weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Byeongho Heo , Sanghyuk Chun , Seong Joon Oh , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun , Gyuwan Kim , Youngjung Uh , Jung-Woo Ha

The Adam optimizer is widely used for transformer optimization in practice, which makes understanding the underlying optimization mechanisms an important problem. However, due to the Adam's complexity, theoretical analysis of how it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Bingrui Li , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Zhanpeng Zhou , Taiji Suzuki , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Recent work [4] analyses the local convergence of Adam in a neighbourhood of an optimal solution for a twice-differentiable function. It is found that the learning rate has to be sufficiently small to ensure local stability of the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Guoqiang Zhang , Niwa Kenta , W. Bastiaan Kleijn

Modern adaptive optimization methods, such as Adam and its variants, have emerged as the most widely used tools in deep learning over recent years. These algorithms offer automatic mechanisms for dynamically adjusting the update step based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Son Nguyen , Bo Liu , Lizhang Chen , Qiang Liu

Optimization is essential in deep learning. The foundational method upon which most optimizers are built is momentum-based stochastic gradient descent. However, it suffers from two key drawbacks. First, it has noisy and varying gradients,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Saurabh Saini , Kapil Ahuja , Thomas Wick , Saurav Kumar

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

As deep learning methods increasingly utilize sensitive data on a widespread scale, differential privacy (DP) offers formal guarantees to protect against information leakage during model training. A significant challenge remains in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Jay Chooi , Kevin Cong , Russell Li , Lillian Sun
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