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To achieve general artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning (RL) agents should learn not only to optimize returns for one specific task but also to constantly build more complex skills and scaffold their knowledge about the world,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Khimya Khetarpal , Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar , Doina Precup

In the network security arms race, the defender is significantly disadvantaged as they need to successfully detect and counter every malicious attack. In contrast, the attacker needs to succeed only once. To level the playing field, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Myles Foley , Chris Hicks , Kate Highnam , Vasilios Mavroudis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread popularity across diverse domains involving text generation, summarization, and various natural language processing tasks. Despite their inherent limitations, LLM-based designs have shown…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Maria Rigaki , Ondřej Lukáš , Carlos A. Catania , Sebastian Garcia

As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, their potential use in automating cyberattacks becomes increasingly likely. With capabilities such as reconnaissance, exploitation, and command execution, LLMs could soon become integral…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Daniel Ayzenshteyn , Roy Weiss , Yisroel Mirsky

Fast and effective incident response is essential to prevent adversarial cyberattacks. Autonomous Cyber Defense (ACD) aims to automate incident response through Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents that plan and execute actions. Most ACD…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sebastián R. Castro , Roberto Campbell , Nancy Lau , Octavio Villalobos , Jiaqi Duan , Alvaro A. Cardenas

The challenge of developing powerful and general Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents has received increasing attention in recent years. Much of this effort has focused on the single-agent setting, in which an agent maximizes a predefined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Jiachen Yang , Ang Li , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Peter Sunehag , Edward Hughes , Hongyuan Zha

While reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing large language models (LLMs), it has primarily focused on single-turn tasks such as solving math problems. Training effective web agents for multi-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhepei Wei , Wenlin Yao , Yao Liu , Weizhi Zhang , Qin Lu , Liang Qiu , Changlong Yu , Puyang Xu , Chao Zhang , Bing Yin , Hyokun Yun , Lihong Li

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved outstanding results in recent years. This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of applications and methods. Recent works have explored learning beyond single-agent scenarios and have…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Pablo Hernandez-Leal , Bilal Kartal , Matthew E. Taylor

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize an objective over the long term. This approach to learning has received immense interest in recent times and success manifests…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Sanyam Kapoor

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown great potential as an adaptive solution for addressing modern cybersecurity challenges. MARL enables decentralized, adaptive, and collaborative defense strategies and provides an automated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Christoph R. Landolt , Christoph Würsch , Roland Meier , Alain Mermoud , Julian Jang-Jaccard

Reinforcement learning (RL) is not yet competitive for many cyber-physical systems, such as robotics, process automation, and power systems, as training on a system with physical components cannot be accelerated, and simulation models do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Philipp Gassert , Matthias Althoff

Financial systems run nonstop and must stay reliable even during cyber incidents. Modern attacks move across many services (apps, APIs, identity, payment rails), so defenders must make a sequence of actions under time pressure. Most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Srikumar Nayak

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

Large Language Models (LLMs) are set to reshape cybersecurity by augmenting red and blue team operations. Red teams can exploit LLMs to plan attacks, craft phishing content, simulate adversaries, and generate exploit code. Conversely, blue…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Alsharif Abuadbba , Chris Hicks , Kristen Moore , Vasilios Mavroudis , Burak Hasircioglu , Diksha Goel , Piers Jennings

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cyber-physical vehicle systems usually requires a significantly long training time due to their inherent complexity. Furthermore, deploying the trained policies in the real world demands a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Chinmay Vilas Samak , Tanmay Vilas Samak , Venkat Narayan Krovi

Machine learning and software development share processes and methodologies for reliably delivering products to customers. This work proposes the use of a new teaming construct for forming machine learning teams for better combatting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Josh Kalin , David Noever , Matthew Ciolino

Development of autonomous cyber system defense strategies and action recommendations in the real-world is challenging, and includes characterizing system state uncertainties and attack-defense dynamics. We propose a data-driven deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Ashutosh Dutta , Samrat Chatterjee , Arnab Bhattacharya , Mahantesh Halappanavar

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are increasingly used to simulate sophisticated cyberattacks, but their decision-making processes remain opaque, hindering trust, debugging, and defensive preparedness. In high-stakes cybersecurity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Diksha Goel , Kristen Moore , Jeff Wang , Minjune Kim , Thanh Thi Nguyen

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a subfield of machine learning for training autonomous agents that take sequential actions across complex environments. Despite its significant performance in well-known environments, it remains…

Language Model Agents (LMAs) are emerging as a powerful primitive for augmenting red-team operations. They can support attack planning, adversary emulation, and the orchestration of multi-step activity such as lateral movement, a core…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Mohammad Mamun , Mohamed Gaber , Scott Buffett , Sherif Saad