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We present uSpectre, a new class of transient execution attacks that exploit microcode branch mispredictions to transiently leak sensitive data. We find that many long-known and recently-discovered transient execution attacks, which were…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Nicholas Mosier , Hamed Nemati , John C. Mitchell , Caroline Trippel

In early 2018, Meltdown first showed how to read arbitrary kernel memory from user space by exploiting side-effects from transient instructions. While this attack has been mitigated through stronger isolation boundaries between user and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Michael Schwarz , Moritz Lipp , Daniel Moghimi , Jo Van Bulck , Julian Stecklina , Thomas Prescher , Daniel Gruss

Transient execution vulnerabilities have emerged as a critical threat to modern processors. Hardware fuzzing testing techniques have recently shown promising results in discovering transient execution bugs in large-scale out-of-order…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Jinyan Xu , Yangye Zhou , Xingzhi Zhang , Yinshuai Li , Qinhan Tan , Yinqian Zhang , Yajin Zhou , Rui Chang , Wenbo Shen

Context switching is utilized by operating systems to change the execution context between application programs. It involves saving and restoring the states of multiple registers and performing a pipeline flush to remove any pre-fetched…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Sahan Sanjaya , Aruna Jayasena , Prabhat Mishra

Side-channel attacks on microprocessors, like the RISC-V, exhibit security vulnerabilities that lead to several design challenges. Hence, it is imperative to study and analyze these security vulnerabilities comprehensively. In this paper,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Mahya Morid Ahmadi , Faiq Khalid , Muhammad Shafique

Power-based side-channel is a serious security threat to the System on Chip (SoC). The secret information is leaked from the power profile of the system while a cryptographic algorithm is running. The mitigation requires efforts from both…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Pantea Kiaei , Yuan Yao , Patrick Schaumont

Trusted execution environments (TEEs) provide an environment for running workloads in the cloud without having to trust cloud service providers, by offering additional hardware-assisted security guarantees. However, main memory encryption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Jan Wichelmann , Anna Pätschke , Luca Wilke , Thomas Eisenbarth

The Least-Recently Used cache replacement policy and its variants are widely deployed in modern processors. This paper shows for the first time in detail that the LRU states of caches can be used to leak information: any access to a cache…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-06 Wenjie Xiong , Jakub Szefer

Modern multi-core processors share cache resources for maximum cache utilization and performance gains. However, this leaves the cache vulnerable to side-channel attacks, where timing differences in shared cache behavior are exploited to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Ghada Dessouky , Tommaso Frassetto , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

The threats of physical side-channel attacks and their countermeasures have been widely researched. Most physical side-channel attacks rely on the unavoidable influence of computation or storage on current consumption or voltage drop on a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Saleh Khalaj Monfared , Tahoura Mosavirik , Shahin Tajik

Timing and cache side channels provide powerful attacks against many sensitive operations including cryptographic implementations. Existing defenses cannot protect against all classes of such attacks without incurring prohibitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Benjamin A. Braun , Suman Jana , Dan Boneh

Cache side-channel attacks lead to severe security threats to the settings that a CPU is shared across users, e.g., in the cloud. The existing attacks rely on sensing the micro-architectural state changes made by victims, and this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Junpeng Wan , Yanxiang Bi , Zhe Zhou , Zhou Li

In this paper, we reveal the existence of a new class of prefetcher, the XPT prefetcher, in the modern Intel processors which has never been officially documented. It speculatively issues a load, bypassing last-level cache (LLC) lookups,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Yun Chen , Ali Hajiabadi , Lingfeng Pei , Trevor E. Carlson

We present a kernel-level infrastructure that allows system-wide detection of malicious applications attempting to exploit cache-based side-channel attacks to break the process confinement enforced by standard operating systems. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Stefano Carnà , Serena Ferracci , Francesco Quaglia , Alessandro Pellegrini

To meet the ever-growing need for performance in silicon devices, SoC providers have been increasingly relying on software-hardware cooperation. By controlling hardware resources such as power or clock management from the software,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Joseph Gravellier , Jean-Max Dutertre , Yannick Teglia , Philippe Loubet Moundi

To defeat side-channel attacks, many recent countermeasures work by enforcing random run-time variability to the target computing platform in terms of clock jitters, frequency and voltage scaling, and phase shift, also combining the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Davide Galli , Adriano Guarisco , William Fornaciari , Matteo Matteucci , Davide Zoni

Timing side-channel attacks exploit variations in program execution time to recover sensitive information. Cryptographic implementations are especially vulnerable to these attacks, since even small timing differences in operations such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nges Brian Njungle , Edwin P. Kayang , Mishel J. Paul , Michel A. Kinsy

Side-channel attacks consist of retrieving internal data from a victim system by analyzing its leakage, which usually requires proximity to the victim in the range of a few millimetres. Screaming channels are EM side channels transmitted at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Jeremy Guillaume , Maxime Pelcat , Amor Nafkha , Rubén Salvador

Side-channel attacks on shared hardware resources increasingly threaten confidentiality, especially with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce Spill The Beans, a novel application of cache side-channels to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Andrew Adiletta , Berk Sunar

Last-level cache side-channel attacks have been mostly demonstrated in highly-controlled, quiescent local environments. Hence, it is unclear whether such attacks are feasible in a production cloud environment. In the cloud, side channels…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Zirui Neil Zhao , Adam Morrison , Christopher W. Fletcher , Josep Torrellas