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Smart contracts are decentralized applications built atop blockchains like Ethereum. Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) have potential in auditing smart contracts, but the state-of-the-art indicates that even GPT-4…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Wei Ma , Daoyuan Wu , Yuqiang Sun , Tianwen Wang , Shangqing Liu , Jian Zhang , Yue Xue , Yang Liu

We present a methodology to develop verified smart contracts. We write smart contracts, their specifications and implementations in the verification-friendly language Dafny. In our methodology the ability to write specifications,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Franck Cassez , Joanne Fuller , Horacio Mijail Anton Quiles

Smart contract vulnerabilities caused significant economic losses in blockchain applications. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide new possibilities for addressing this time-consuming task. However, state-of-the-art LLM-based detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 ZeKe Xiao , Qin Wang , Hammond Pearce , Shiping Chen

Large language models (LLMs) can detect software vulnerabilities, but how do they actually identify vulnerable code? We address this question using mechanistic interpretability; analyzing the internal computations of a neural network to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Syafiq Al Atiiq , Chun Zhou , Christian Gehrmann

Smart contract transactions associated with security attacks often exhibit distinct behavioral patterns compared with historical benign transactions before the attacking events. While many runtime monitoring and guarding mechanisms have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Zhiyang Chen , Ye Liu , Sidi Mohamed Beillahi , Yi Li , Fan Long

Deep learning had been used in program analysis for the prediction of hidden software defects using software defect datasets, security vulnerabilities using generative adversarial networks as well as identifying syntax errors by learning a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Venkatesh Theru Mohan , Ali Jannesari

Automated detection of software vulnerabilities is a fundamental problem in software security. Existing program analysis techniques either suffer from high false positives or false negatives. Recent progress in Deep Learning (DL) has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Saikat Chakraborty , Rahul Krishna , Yangruibo Ding , Baishakhi Ray

Smart contracts are programs deployed on a blockchain and are immutable once deployed. Reentrancy, one of the most important vulnerabilities in smart contracts, has caused millions of dollars in financial loss. Many reentrancy detection…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Zibin Zheng , Neng Zhang , Jianzhong Su , Zhijie Zhong , Mingxi Ye , Jiachi Chen

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li , Xin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have training corpora containing large amounts of program code, greatly improving the model's code comprehension and generation capabilities. However, sound comprehensive research on detecting program…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Yu Liu , Lang Gao , Mingxin Yang , Yu Xie , Ping Chen , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen

To address the extremely concerning problem of software vulnerability, system security is often entrusted to Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Despite their now established detection capabilities, such models are limited by design to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Marco Pintore , Giorgio Piras , Angelo Sotgiu , Maura Pintor , Battista Biggio

Due to the immutable and decentralized nature of Ethereum (ETH) platform, smart contracts are prone to security risks that can result in financial loss. While existing machine learning-based vulnerability detection algorithms achieve high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Christoph Sendner , Ruisi Zhang , Alexander Hefter , Alexandra Dmitrienko , Farinaz Koushanfar

Smart contracts on public blockchains now manage large amounts of value, and vulnerabilities in these systems can lead to substantial losses. As AI agents become more capable at reading, writing, and running code, it is natural to ask how…

With the development of deep learning (DL) techniques, rotating machinery intelligent diagnosis has gone through tremendous progress with verified success and the classification accuracies of many DL-based intelligent diagnosis algorithms…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-20 Zhibin Zhao , Tianfu Li , Jingyao Wu , Chuang Sun , Shibin Wang , Ruqiang Yan , Xuefeng Chen

Nowadays, we are witnessing an increasing demand in both corporates and academia for exploiting Deep Learning (DL) to solve complex real-world problems. A DL program encodes the network structure of a desirable DL model and the process by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Amin Nikanjam , Houssem Ben Braiek , Mohammad Mehdi Morovati , Foutse Khomh

The detection of software vulnerabilities (or vulnerabilities for short) is an important problem that has yet to be tackled, as manifested by the many vulnerabilities reported on a daily basis. This calls for machine learning methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Zhen Li , Deqing Zou , Shouhuai Xu , Hai Jin , Yawei Zhu , Zhaoxuan Chen

Our work explores the utilization of deep learning, specifically leveraging the CodeBERT model, to enhance code security testing for Python applications by detecting SQL injection vulnerabilities. Unlike traditional security testing methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Guan-Yan Yang , Yi-Heng Ko , Farn Wang , Kuo-Hui Yeh , Haw-Shiang Chang , Hsueh-Yi Chen

Auto-completing code enables developers to speed up coding significantly. Recent advances in transformer-based large language model (LLM) technologies have been applied to code synthesis. However, studies show that many of such synthesized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 André Storhaug , Jingyue Li , Tianyuan Hu

Smart contracts are self-enforcing agreements that are employed to exchange assets without the approval of trusted third parties. This feature has encouraged various sectors to make use of smart contracts when transacting. Experience shows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Sabreen Ahmadjee , Carlos Mera-Gómez , Rami Bahsoon

This paper presents LLMBugScanner, a large language model (LLM) based framework for smart contract vulnerability detection using fine-tuning and ensemble learning. Smart contract auditing presents several challenges for LLMs: different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yining Yuan , Yifei Wang , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Sihao Hu , Ling Liu