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Urban scaling analysis, the study of how aggregated urban features vary with the population of an urban area, provides a promising framework for discovering commonalities across cities and uncovering dynamics shared by cities across time…

This paper proposes the k-generalized distribution as a model for describing the distribution and dispersion of income within a population. Formulas for the shape, moments and standard tools for inequality measurement - such as the Lorenz…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2009-01-31 F. Clementi , T. Di Matteo , M. Gallegati , G. Kaniadakis

Entropy is being used in physics, mathematics, informatics and in related areas to describe equilibration, dissipation, maximal probability states and optimal compression of information. The Gini index on the other hand is an established…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-07-19 Tamás S. Biró , Zoltán Néda

Inequality indices are quantitative scores that gauge the divergence of wealth distributions in human societies from the "ground state" of pure communism. While inequality indices were devised for socioeconomic applications, they are…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-03-31 I. Eliazar

Reproductive success and survival are influenced by wealth in human populations. Wealth is transmitted to offsprings and strategies of transmission vary over time and among populations, the main variation being how equally wealth is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-23 G. Augustins , L. Etienne , J-B. Ferdy , R. Ferrer , B. Godelle , E. Pitard , F. Rousset

Across income groups and countries, individual citizens perceive economic inequality spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actualinequality informing redistributive…

General Economics · Economics 2022-04-05 Jan Schulz , Daniel M. Mayerhoffer , Anna Gebhard

This paper investigates the emergence of wealth inequality through a minimalist kinetic exchange model that incorporates two fundamental economic features: fixed-amount transactions and hard budget constraints. In contrast to the maximum…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-12 Jihyuan Liuh

In 1938, Gini studied a mean having two parameters. Later, many authors studied properties of this mean. In particular, it contains the famous means as harmonic, geometric, arithmetic, etc. Here we considered a sequence of inequalities…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-11-04 Inder Jeet Taneja

In view of some persistent recent reports on a singular kind of growth of the world wealth inequality, where a finite (often handful) number of people tend to possess more than the wealth of the planet's 50\% population, we explore here if…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-08-09 Asim Ghosh , Suchismita Banerjee , Sanchari Goswami , Manipushpak Mitra , Bikas K. Chakrabarti

In the context of a large class of stochastic processes used to describe the dynamics of wealth growth, we prove a set of inequalities establishing necessary and sufficient conditions in order to avoid infinite wealth concentration. These…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-03-02 Valerio Astuti

One of the unintended consequences of the New Public Management (NPM) in universities is often feared to be a division between elite institutions focused on research and large institutions with teaching missions. However, institutional…

Physics and Society · Physics 2010-01-19 Willem Halffman , Loet Leydesdorff

The empirical literature on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth has produced highly heterogeneous and often conflicting results. This paper investigates the sources of this heterogeneity using a meta-analytic…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-23 Lisa Capretti , Lorenzo Tonni

The twentieth century was a period of outstanding economic growth together with an unequal income distribution. This paper analyses the international distribution of growth rates and its dynamics during the twentieth century. We show that…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-08-24 Mercedes Campi , Marco Dueñas

Social inequalities are ubiquitous and here we show that the values of the Gini ($g$) and Kolkata ($k$) indices, two generic inequality indices, approach each other (starting from $g = 0$ and $k = 0.5$ for equality) as the competitions grow…

Reducing wealth inequality and disparity is a global challenge. The economic system is mainly divided into (1) gift and reciprocity, (2) power and redistribution, (3) market exchange, and (4) mutual aid without reciprocal obligations. The…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-05-22 Takeshi Kato

We study the distribution P(\omega) of the random variable \omega = x_1/(x_1 + x_2), where x_1 and x_2 are the wealths of two individuals selected at random from the same tempered Paretian ensemble characterized by the distribution \Psi(x)…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2012-07-24 G. Oshanin , Yu. Holovatch , G. Schehr

The Benini distribution is a lognormal-like distribution generalizing the Pareto distribution. Like the Pareto and the lognormal distributions it was originally proposed for modeling economic size distributions, notably the size…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2016-08-19 Christian Kleiber

Binary kinetic exchange models, where money is shuffled between two agents at a time, reproduce the Boltzmann Gibbs exponential wealth distribution but cannot address the multi party trades common in real markets. We generalize the exchange…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-28 Suchismita Banerjee

In this paper, we draw attention to a promising yet slightly underestimated measure of variability - the Gini coefficient. We describe two new ways of defining and interpreting this parameter. Using our new representations, we compute the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-10-13 Marta Milewska , Remco van der Hofstad , Bert Zwart

How do individuals accumulate wealth as they interact economically? We outline the consequences of a simple microscopic model in which repeated pairwise exchanges of assets between individuals build the wealth distribution of a population.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2010-08-31 P. L. Krapivsky , S. Redner