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There are two main opposing schools of statistical reasoning, Frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Until recent days, the frequentist or classical approach has dominated the scientific research, but Bayesianism has reappeared with a strong…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-18 Jordi Vallverdú

We argue that it is neither necessary nor sufficient for a mathematical proof to have epistemic value that it be "correct", in the sense of formalizable in a formal proof system. We then present a view on the relationship between…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-02-16 James Owen Weatherall , Jesse Wolfson

Development of several alternative mathematical models for the biological system in question and discrimination between such models using experimental data is the best way to robust conclusions. Models which challenge existing theories are…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-01 Vitaly V. Ganusov

Like many other voting systems, Majority Judgement suffers from the weaknesses of the underlying mathematical model: Elections as problem of choice or ranking. We show how the model can be enhanced to take into account the complete process…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Friedemann Kemm

This article discusses epistemological problems in the philosophy of mathematics and issues concerning the reliability of the mathematical literature.

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-01-06 Melvyn B. Nathanson

We combine the concepts of modal logics and many-valued logics in a general and comprehensive way. Namely, given any finite linearly ordered set of truth values and any set of propositional connectives defined by truth tables, we define the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Amir Karniel , Michael Kaminski

We analyze the developments in mathematical rigor from the viewpoint of a Burgessian critique of nominalistic reconstructions. We apply such a critique to the reconstruction of infinitesimal analysis accomplished through the efforts of…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2012-05-22 Karin Usadi Katz , Mikhail G. Katz

Deficiencies in Kauffman's proposal regarding a new way for building scientific theories are pointed out. A suggestion to overcome them, and in fact, independently construct mathematical theories which are beyond the reach of Goedel's…

General Physics · Physics 2009-08-04 Elemer E Rosinger

In this note some philosophical thoughts and observations about mathematics are expressed, arranged as challenges to some common claims.

History and Overview · Mathematics 2016-01-27 Eliahu Levy

Ultrafinitism postulates that we can only compute on relatively short objects, and numbers beyond certain value are not available. This approach would also forbid many forms of infinitary reasoning and allow to remove certain paradoxes…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Michał J. Gajda

In this paper, I examine questions surrounding AI neutrality through the prism of existing literature and scholarship about mediation and media pluralism. Such traditions, I argue, provide a valuable theoretical framework for how we should…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Stefaan G. Verhulst

Mathematical proofs are often said to justify their conclusions by indicating the existence of a corresponding formal derivation. We argue that this widespread view relies on an under-examined notion of correspondence, or what it means for…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Simon DeDeo , Eamon Duede

This paper examines various methods and ideas for humanizing mathematics. The term 'humanizing mathematics' which includes elements of 'aesthetic mathematics' refers to approaches that emphasize the aesthetic, philosophical, and subjective…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Takao Inoué

If there is a "platonic world" M of mathematical facts, what does M contain precisely? I observe that if M is too large, it is uninteresting, because the value is in the selection, not in the totality; if it is smaller and interesting, it…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-04-23 Carlo Rovelli

Probabilistic argumentation allows reasoning about argumentation problems in a way that is well-founded by probability theory. However, in practice, this approach can be severely limited by the fact that probabilities are defined by adding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Nico Potyka

This is a re-editing, which takes quantum mechanics into account, of Wittgenstein's famous Tractatus. The operation has a playful side in the form, but is a serious attempt to capture possible philosophical implications of the Relational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Niccolò Covoni , Carlo Rovelli

We discuss a rational version of a conjecture of Matiyasevich, Davis, and Putnam on the relative decidability of the finiteness problem for Diophantine equations with respect to the existence problem. We formulate a suspicion that for…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Minhyong Kim

One might think that, once we know something is computable, how efficiently it can be computed is a practical question with little further philosophical importance. In this essay, I offer a detailed case that one would be wrong. In…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-05-11 Scott Aaronson

This paper has been withdrawn by the author. In this article I review W\"ust's recent handbook on mathematical physics from a philosophical standpoint. It emerges a structural approach to mathematics which evidences the utility of logic in…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2012-10-26 Davide Bondoni

We present several philosophical ideas emerging from the studies of complex systems. We make a brief introduction to the basic concepts of complex systems, for then defining "abstraction levels". These are useful for representing…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2007-05-23 Carlos Gershenson