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The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most famous optimization problems. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of metaheuristics that have been applied to TSP. The Crossover and mutation operators are two important elements of GA.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-04-13 Hassan Ismkhan , Kamran Zamanifar

The Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (MTSP) extends the traveling salesman problem by assigning multiple salesmen to visit a set of targets from a common depot, with each target visited exactly once while minimizing total tour length. A…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Abhay Singh Bhadoriya , Deepjyoti Deka , Kaarthik Sundar

Over the past few years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as drones, have been adopted as part of a new logistic method in the commercial sector called "last-mile delivery". In this novel approach, they are deployed alongside…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-03 Quang Minh Ha , Yves Deville , Quang Dung Pham , Minh Hoàng Hà

In this paper we discuss the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to the exemplary industrial use case of the two-dimensional commissioning problem in a high-bay storage, which essentially can be phrased as an instance of Traveling…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Stefan Wintersteller , Martin Uray , Michael Lehenauer , Stefan Huber

For the traveling salesman problem (TSP), the existing supervised learning based algorithms suffer seriously from the lack of generalization ability. To overcome this drawback, this paper tries to train (in supervised manner) a small-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Zhang-Hua Fu , Kai-Bin Qiu , Hongyuan Zha

Recently, Transformer has become a prevailing deep architecture for solving vehicle routing problems (VRPs). However, it is less effective in learning improvement models for VRP because its positional encoding (PE) method is not suitable in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Yining Ma , Jingwen Li , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Le Zhang , Zhenghua Chen , Jing Tang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been used to learn effective heuristics for solving complex combinatorial optimisation problem via policy networks and have demonstrated promising performance. Existing works have focused on solving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Nasrin Sultana , Jeffrey Chan , A. K. Qin , Tabinda Sarwar

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a fundamental problem in combinatorial optimization. Several semidefinite programming relaxations have been proposed recently that exploit a variety of mathematical structures including, e.g.,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Samuel C. Gutekunst , David P. Williamson

Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Shengchao Hu , Li Shen , Ya Zhang , Yixin Chen , Dacheng Tao

This study addresses the Min-Max Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem ($m^3$-TSP), which aims to coordinate tours for multiple salesmen such that the length of the longest tour is minimized. Due to its NP-hard nature, exact solvers become…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wen Wang , Xiangchen Wu , Liang Wang , Hao Hu , Xianping Tao , Linghao Zhang

In recent years, there has been a notable surge in research on machine learning techniques for combinatorial optimization. It has been shown that learning-based methods outperform traditional heuristics and mathematical solvers on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Shiqing Liu , Xueming Yan , Yaochu Jin

Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Network (TabPFN) is a foundation model designed for small to medium-sized tabular data, which has attracted much attention recently. This paper investigates the application of TabPFN in Combinatorial Optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nguyen Gia Hien Vu , Yifan Tang , Rey Lim , Yifan Yang , Hang Ma , Ke Wang , G. Gary Wang

Recent studies in using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to solve Job-shop scheduling problems (JSSP) focus on construction heuristics. However, their performance is still far from optimality, mainly because the underlying graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Cong Zhang , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Yaoxin Wu , Jie Zhang

Several important optimization problems in the area of vehicle routing can be seen as a variant of the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In the area of evolutionary computation, the traveling thief problem (TTP) has gained…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Jakob Bossek , Katrin Casel , Pascal Kerschke , Frank Neumann

This paper proposes a dual divide-and-optimize algorithm (DualOpt) for solving the large-scale traveling salesman problem (TSP). DualOpt combines two complementary strategies to improve both solution quality and computational efficiency.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Shipei Zhou , Yuandong Ding , Chi Zhang , Zhiguang Cao , Yan Jin

The famous Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an important category of optimization problems that is mostly encountered in various areas of science and engineering. Studying optimization problems motivates to develop advanced techniques…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-29 Karthik Srinivasan , Saipriya Satyajit , Bikash K. Behera , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem), a classic NP-complete problem in combinatorial optimization, is of great significance in multiple fields. Exact algorithms for TSP are not practical due to their exponential time cost. Thus, approximate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Yang Li , Junbin Gao , Mingyuan Bai , Chengjun Li , Gang Liu

The Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP) is a fundamental and challenging variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem, characterized by tightly coupled pickup--delivery pairs, precedence constraints, and spatial layouts that often exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wentao Wang , Lifeng Han , Guangyu Zou

We study the generalization capability of Unsupervised Learning in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). We use a Graph Neural Network (GNN) trained with a surrogate loss function to generate an embedding for each node. We use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yimeng Min , Carla P. Gomes

In this paper, we introduce the Double Traveling Salesman Problem with Partial Last-In-First-Out Loading Constraints (DTSPPL). It is a pickup-and-delivery single-vehicle routing problem, where all pickup operations must be performed before…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Jonatas B. C. Chagas , Túlio A. M. Toffolo , Marcone J. F. Souza , Manuel Iori