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Program synthesis is a class of regression problems where one seeks a solution, in the form of a source-code program, mapping the inputs to their corresponding outputs exactly. Due to its precise and combinatorial nature, program synthesis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Yewen Pu , Zachery Miranda , Armando Solar-Lezama , Leslie Pack Kaelbling

We present new techniques for automatically constructing probabilistic programs for data analysis, interpretation, and prediction. These techniques work with probabilistic domain-specific data modeling languages that capture key properties…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Feras A. Saad , Marco F. Cusumano-Towner , Ulrich Schaechtle , Martin C. Rinard , Vikash K. Mansinghka

Many applications today use large language models for code generation; however, production systems have strict latency requirements that can be difficult to meet with large models. Small language models with a few billion parameters are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Renjini R. Nair , Damian K. Kowalczyk , Marco Gaudesi , Chhaya Methani

We introduce DafnyCOMP, a benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs) on compositional specification generation in Dafny. Unlike prior benchmarks that focus on single-function tasks, DafnyCOMP targets programs composed of multiple…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xu Xu , Xin Li , Xingwei Qu , Jie Fu , Binhang Yuan

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized artificial intelligence, introducing unprecedented capabilities in natural language processing and multimodal content generation. However, the increasing complexity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Shenao Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Xinyi Hou , Haoyu Wang

Discrete Controller Synthesis (DCS) is a powerful formal method for automatically generating specifications of discrete event systems. However, its practical adoption is often hindered by the highly specialized nature of formal models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yusei Ishimizu , Takuto Yamauchi , Sinan Chen , Jinyu Cai , Jialong Li , Kenji Tei

Natural language reasoning plays an increasingly important role in improving language models' ability to solve complex language understanding tasks. An interesting use case for reasoning is the resolution of context-dependent ambiguity. But…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Stefan F. Schouten , Peter Bloem , Ilia Markov , Piek Vossen

Formal program specifications in the form of preconditions, postconditions, and class invariants have several benefits for the construction and maintenance of programs. They not only aid in program understanding due to their unambiguous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Chuyue Sun , Viraj Agashe , Saikat Chakraborty , Jubi Taneja , Clark Barrett , David Dill , Xiaokang Qiu , Shuvendu K. Lahiri

Question answering over source code provides software engineers and project managers with helpful information about the implemented features of a software product. This paper presents a work devoted to using large language models for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Georgy Andryushchenko , Vladimir Ivanov , Vladimir Makharev , Elizaveta Tukhtina , Aidar Valeev

The growing use of large language models (LLMs) has increased the importance of natural language (NL) in software engineering. However, ambiguity of NL can harm software quality, as unclear problem descriptions may lead to incorrect program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Haoxiang Jia , Robbie Morris , He Ye , Federica Sarro , Sergey Mechtaev

Many universities have courses and projects revolving around compiler or interpreter implementation as part of their degree programmes in computer science. In such teaching activities, tool support can be highly beneficial. While there are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Georgian-Vlad Saioc , Hans Hüttel

Synthetic data is a standard component in training large language models, yet systematic comparisons across design dimensions, including rephrasing strategy, generator model, and source data, remain absent. We conduct extensive controlled…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning abilities, yet existing test-time frameworks often rely on coarse self-verification and self-correction, limiting their effectiveness on complex tasks. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Haizhou Shi , Ye Liu , Bo Pang , Zeyu Leo Liu , Hao Wang , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Procedures are an important knowledge component of documents that can be leveraged by cognitive assistants for automation, question-answering or driving a conversation. It is a challenging problem to parse big dense documents like product…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Shivali Agarwal , Shubham Atreja , Vikas Agarwal

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in diverse real-world scenarios, each governed by bespoke behavioral and safety specifications (spec) custom-tailored by users or organizations. These spec, categorized into safety-spec…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Haoran Zhang , Yafu Li , Xuyang Hu , Dongrui Liu , Zhilin Wang , Bo Li , Yu Cheng

Over the last few decades, researchers have made considerable efforts to make decision support more accessible for small and medium enterprises by reducing the cost of designing, developing and maintaining automated decision support…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Daniel Karapetyan

This article presents resource-guided synthesis, a technique for synthesizing recursive programs that satisfy both a functional specification and a symbolic resource bound. The technique is type-directed and rests upon a novel type system…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Tristan Knoth , Di Wang , Nadia Polikarpova , Jan Hoffmann

Requirements elicitation is an important phase of any software project: the errors in requirements are more expensive to fix than the errors introduced at later stages of software life cycle. Nevertheless, many projects do not devote…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Maria Naumcheva

Automating hardware design could obviate a significant amount of human error from the engineering process and lead to fewer errors. Verilog is a popular hardware description language to model and design digital systems, thus generating…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Shailja Thakur , Baleegh Ahmad , Zhenxing Fan , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Ramesh Karri , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Siddharth Garg

The increasing complexity and demand for faster, energy-efficient hardware designs necessitate innovative High-Level Synthesis (HLS) methodologies. This paper explores the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) to streamline or replace…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Yuchao Liao , Tosiron Adegbija , Roman Lysecky