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Existing Large Language Model (LLM) approaches to SystemVerilog Assertion (SVA) generation primarily focus on syntactic validity and formal verification outcomes, while semantic alignment between generated assertions and natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jaime Rafael Imperial , Hao Zheng

This paper is a brief introduction to our recently initiated project named VERIFAI: Traceability and verification of natural language requirements. The project addresses the challenges in the traceability and verification of formal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Arshad Beg , Diarmuid O'Donoghue , Rosemary Monahan

Complex decision-making is a prominent aspect of Requirements Engineering. This work presents the Bayesian network Requisites that predicts whether the requirements specification documents have to be revised. We show how to validate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-24 J. del Sagrado , I. M. del Águila

Probabilistic programming offers a powerful framework for modeling uncertainty, yet statistical model discovery in this domain entails navigating an immense search space under strict domain-specific constraints. When small language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Madhav Kanda , Shubham Ugare , Sasa Misailovic

We study the generalization abilities of language models when translating natural language into formal specifications with complex semantics. In particular, we fine-tune language models on three datasets consisting of English sentences and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Christopher Hahn , Frederik Schmitt , Julia J. Tillman , Niklas Metzger , Julian Siber , Bernd Finkbeiner

As of today the programming language of the vast majority of the published source code is manually specified or programmatically assigned based on the sole file extension. In this paper we show that the source code programming language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Shaul Zevin , Catherine Holzem

The design of complex engineering systems is an often long and articulated process that highly relies on engineers' expertise and professional judgment. As such, the typical pitfalls of activities involving the human factor often manifest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Shaohong Zhong , Andrea Scarinci , Alice Cicirello

Automatic synthesis from a given specification automatically constructs correct implementation. This frees the user from the mundane implementation work, but still requires the specification. But is specifying easier than implementing? In…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-02-04 Ayrat Khalimov

Large pre-trained language models such as GPT-3, Codex, and Google's language model are now capable of generating code from natural language specifications of programmer intent. We view these developments with a mixture of optimism and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Naman Jain , Skanda Vaidyanath , Arun Iyer , Nagarajan Natarajan , Suresh Parthasarathy , Sriram Rajamani , Rahul Sharma

Program Synthesis is the mapping of a specification of what a computer program is supposed to do, into a computer program that does what the specification says to do. This is equivalent to constructing any computer program and a sound proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-01-08 Charles Volkstorf

We describe our ongoing research that centres on the application of natural language processing (NLP) to software engineering and systems development activities. In particular, this paper addresses the use of NLP in the requirements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-07-24 S. G. Macdonell , K. Min , A. M. Connor

In the past few years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in usefulness and popularity for code generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with accuracy and are unsuitable for high-risk applications without additional oversight…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-29 William Murphy , Nikolaus Holzer , Feitong Qiao , Leyi Cui , Raven Rothkopf , Nathan Koenig , Mark Santolucito

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) are beginning to dominate the discourse around automatic code generation with natural language specifications. In contrast, the best-performing synthesizers in the domain of formal synthesis with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yixuan Li , Julian Parsert , Elizabeth Polgreen

Traditional formal specification generation methods are typically tailored to specific specification types, and therefore suffer from limited generality. In recent years, large language model (LLM)-based specification generation approaches…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zehan Chen , Long Zhang , Zhiwei Zhang , JingJing Zhang , Ruoyu Zhou , Yulong Shen , JianFeng Ma , Lin Yang

We present a method for synthesizing recursive functions that provably satisfy a given specification in the form of a polymorphic refinement type. We observe that such specifications are particularly suitable for program synthesis for two…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Nadia Polikarpova , Ivan Kuraj , Armando Solar-Lezama

This paper develops a new framework for program synthesis, called semantics-guided synthesis (SemGuS), that allows a user to provide both the syntax and the semantics for the constructs in the language. SemGuS accepts a recursively defined…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Jinwoo Kim , Qinheping Hu , Loris D'Antoni , Thomas Reps

A Large Language Model (LLM) represents a cutting-edge artificial intelligence model that generates coherent content, including grammatically precise sentences, human-like paragraphs, and syntactically accurate code snippets. LLMs can play…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Robson Santos , Italo Santos , Cleyton Magalhaes , Ronnie de Souza Santos

Fully automated verification of large-scale software and hardware systems is arguably the holy grail of formal methods. Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated their potential for enhancing the degree of automation in formal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Zhongyi Wang , Tengjie Lin , Mingshuai Chen , Mingqi Yang , Haokun Li , Xiao Yi , Shengchao Qin , Jianwei Yin

Requirements expressed in natural language are an indispensable artifact in the software development process, as all stakeholders can understand them. However, their ambiguity poses a persistent challenge. To address this issue,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Mauro José Pacchiotti , Mariel Ale y Luciana Ballejos

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at understanding natural language but struggle with optimisation tasks involving multiple constraints and user-defined preferences, which commonly arise in domains such as robotics. We propose a hybrid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Pedro Orvalho , Marta Kwiatkowska , Guillem Alenyà , Felip Manyà