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As the inevitable development trend of quantum key distribution, quantum networks have attracted extensive attention, and many prototypes have been deployed over recent years. Existing quantum networks based on optical fibers or quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-29 Dong Jiang , Weicong Huang , Chaohui Gao , Jia Liu , Lijun Chen

Quantum networks will play a key role in distributed quantum information processing. As the network size increases, network-level errors like random breakdown and intentional attack are inevitable; therefore, it is important to understand…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-17 Bingzhi Zhang , Quntao Zhuang

Future quantum internet aims to enable quantum communication between arbitrary pairs of distant nodes through the sharing of end-to-end entanglement, a universal resource for many quantum applications. As in classical networks, quantum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Paolo Fittipaldi , Anastasios Giovanidis , Frédéric Grosshans

A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges exist before the quantum internet can…

The key objective of the Quantum Internet is the distribution and manipulation of entanglement to enable unprecedented applications. This requires a radical departure from classical Internet design principles, such as the end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Designing an operational architecture for the Quantum Internet is challenging in light of both fundamental limits imposed by physics laws and technological constraints. Here, we propose a method to abstract away most of the quantum-specific…

Quantum communication can enhance internet technology by enabling novel applications that are provably impossible classically. The successful execution of such applications relies on the generation of quantum entanglement between different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-29 Matthew Skrzypczyk , Stephanie Wehner

Long-distance quantum communication via entanglement distribution is of great importance for the quantum internet. However, scaling up to such long distances has proved challenging due to the loss of photons, which grows exponentially with…

The Quantum Internet, by enabling quantum communications among remote quantum nodes, is a network capable of supporting functionalities with no direct counterpart in the classical world. Indeed, with the network and communications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Daniele Cuomo , Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

In a quantum internet, quantum processing units (QPUs) with varying architectures and capabilities may be connected through quantum communication channels, enabling new applications such as distributed quantum computing (DQC), a paradigm in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Leo Sünkel , Thomas Gabor , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Society relies and depends increasingly on information exchange and communication. In the quantum world, security and privacy is a built-in feature for information processing. The essential ingredient for exploiting these quantum advantages…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-27 Michael Epping , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Quantum information technology has the potential to revolutionize computing, communications, and security. To fully realize its potential, quantum processors with millions of qubits are needed, which is still far from being accomplished.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Nicholas Skjellum , Mohamed Shaban , Muhammad Ismail

The Quantum Internet is still in its infancy, yet identifying scalable and resilient quantum network resource states is an essential task for realizing it. We explore the use of graph states with flexible, non-trivial qubit-to-node…

A quantum internet aims at harnessing networked quantum technologies, namely by distributing bipartite entanglement between distant nodes. However, multipartite entanglement between the nodes may empower the quantum internet for additional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-13 Luís Bugalho , Bruno C. Coutinho , Francisco A. Monteiro , Yasser Omar

Quantum networks are of high interest nowadays and a quantum internet has been long envisioned. Network-entanglement adapts the notion of entanglement to the network scenario and network-entangled states are considered to be a resource to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Zhen-Peng Xu , Julio I. de Vicente , Liang-Liang Sun , Sixia Yu

Distributed quantum information in networks is paramount for global secure quantum communication. Moreover, it finds applications as a resource for relevant tasks, such as clock synchronization, magnetic field sensing, and blind quantum…

A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network is an infrastructure that allows the realization of the key distribution cryptographic primitive over long distances and at high rates with information-theoretic security. In this work, we consider…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-30 Romain Alleaume , Francois Roueff , Eleni Diamanti , Norbert Lutkenhaus

We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 A. Pirker , W. Dür

The efficacy of a communication network hinges upon both its physical architecture and the protocols that are employed within it. In the context of quantum communications, there exists a fundamental rate-loss tradeoff for point-to-point…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Cillian Harney , Stefano Pirandola

Quantum communications bring a paradigm change in internet security by using quantum resources to establish secure keys between parties. Present-day quantum communications networks are mainly point-to-point and use trusted nodes and key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 S. Suciu , G. A. Bulzan , T. A. Isdraila , A. M. Palici , S. Ataman , C. Kusko , R. Ionicioiu